Joined: 30 Jul 2006 Posts: 6060 Location: East London
Posted: Sun May 24, 2020 9:13 pm Post subject:
'Who Is Bill Gates?' Parts 1 - 4 (Includes transcripts!!):
https://www.corbettreport.com/gates/
I've only read part 4, but it prompted me to find the whole set. _________________ 'And he (the devil) said to him: To thee will I give all this power, and the glory of them; for to me they are delivered, and to whom I will, I give them'. Luke IV 5-7.
A new overview of existing PCR and antibody studies shows that the median value of Covid19 lethality (IFR) is about 0.2% and thus in the range of a strong influenza.
A new antibody study with Danish blood donors showed a very low Covid19 lethality (IFR) of 0.08% for persons under 70 years of age.
A new antibody study from Iran, one of the earliest and most affected countries by Covid19, also showed a very low lethality of 0.08% to 0.12%.
A new antibody study from Japan comes to the conclusion that about 400 to 800 times more people there had contact with the new coronavirus than previously thought, but showed no or hardly any symptoms. Japan had done rather few tests so far.
A new study from Germany, with the participation of leading virologist Christian Drosten, shows that about one third of the population already has some cellular immunity to the Covid19 corona virus, presumably through contact with earlier corona viruses (cold viruses). This cellular immunity by so-called T-cells is significantly higher than PCR and antibody tests suggested and may partly explain why many people develop no symptoms with the new coronavirus.
In a prison in the US state of Tennessee, only two out of 1349 test-positive people showed any symptoms at all.
On the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle, none of 1046 test-positive sailors have died so far. On the US aircraft carrier Theodore Roosevelt, one of 969 test-positive sailors has died so far (preconditions and exact cause of death are not known). This yields a lethality rate of 0 to 0.1% for this population group.
Numerous media reported about alleged “re-infections” of already recovered persons in South Korea. However, researchers have now come to the conclusion that all of the 290 suspected cases were false-positive test results caused by “non-infectious virus fragments”. The result again highlights the well-known unreliability of PCR virus tests.
Great Britain
Cumulative all-cause mortality in the UK remains in the range of the five strongest flu waves in the last 25 years. The peak in daily hospital deaths was already reached on April 8 (s. chart below).
New statistical data show that in mid-April, out of about 12,000 additional deaths, about 9,000 were “related to Covid” (including “suspected cases”), but about 3,000 were “not related to Covid”. Moreover, of the total of about 7300 deaths in nursing homes, only about 2000 were “related to Covid”. In both the “Covid19 deaths” and the non-covid19 deaths, it is often unclear what these people actually died of. The Association of British Pathologists has therefore called for a “systematic review of the true causes of death”.
The temporary “Nightingale” hospitals in the UK have so far remained largely empty. A similar situation was already seen in China, the US and many other countries.
At the end of April it became known that the lockdown was apparently not, as officially stated, recommended by a scientific commission alone, but that a high government advisor had “pushed” the scientists to support the lockdown.
Peter Hitchens: We’re destroying the nation’s wealth – and the health of millions. “If you don’t defend your most basic freedom, the one to go lawfully where you wish when you wish, then you will lose it for ever. And that is not all you will lose. Look at the censorship of the internet, spreading like a great dark blot, the death of Parliament, the conversion of the police into a state militia.”
Why Barnard Castle 181
24 May, 2020 in Uncategorized by craig
In 2012 GlaxoSmithKline were fined $3 billion for fraud, overcharging and making false claims about medicines in the USA. In 2016, GlaxoSmithKline were fined £37.6 million in the UK for bribing companies not to produce generic copies of their out of patent drugs, thus overcharging the NHS.
Despite the fines, these frauds were still massively profitable for GlaxoSmithKline. A perfunctory search on the company brings up similar frauds and fines it perpetrated in South Africa and India. All this within the last decade. I cannot find any information that anyone was jailed, or even sacked, for these criminal activities. It is absolutely astonishing that such an habitually criminal enterprise carries on serenely in the UK. And what is particularly interesting today is that it carries on its crooked activity from its massive manufacturing and research base in Barnard Castle, County Durham.
On 12 April Dominic Cummings was seen in Castle Barnard during lockdown. Two days later, GlaxoSmithKline of Barnard Castle signed an agreement to develop and manufacture a Covid-19 vaccine with Sanofi of France.
Of course, that could be coincidence. As a child I lived in nearby Peterlee and I know families may go to Barnard Castle just for relaxation. Even when that is illegal. But GlaxoSmithKline Barnard Castle has been working 24/7 during the coronavirus crisis including the weekends. It was working.
The government’s extraordinary refusal to confirm or deny Cummings visit to Barnard Castle appears to make little sense if he just went there for a walk.
But surely if he was discussing Covid-19 vaccine business on behalf of the government, that would answer all the critics of his trip, would it not? They would want to trumpet it from the hills? I mean to believe otherwise, you would have to propound a crazed conspiracy theory. You would have to believe that criminal activity may be occurring again involving GlaxoSmithKline of the kind which might lead to fines of 37.6 million pounds for overcharging the NHS, or of three billion dollars for fraudulent medical claims in the USA. Nobody sane believes that kind of thing, do they?
UPDATED: I should never be surprised by the puerile nature of debate on the internet, but I frequently am. There appears to be organised pushback stating that this article is only speculation. Of course it is. It states a number of facts not generally known, and wonders if there is a connection. It does not claim to have proof Cummings visited GSK, let alone of what he did when there. But both GSK and Cummings are known bad actors.
The even sillier argument is that Barnard Castle is the research and manufacturing centre and not the corporate HQ and therefore no deal could have been done there. Because when a company is involved in a massive criminal conspiracy, as GSK undeniably was in the multi-billion fraud in the USA or its price-fixing to the NHS, such criminal actions obviously can only be arranged in the main London company boardroom during normal working hours with lots of people around and the maximum chance of inconvenient people finding out what is happening? That is a stupid argument.
Equally, those who claim I have uncovered a criminal conspiracy are wrong. I have not. All I have done is put together some circumstances around Cummings denied trip to Barnard Castle, that could potentially provide a more reasonable explanation for why he would take the risk of going there, and why the government would stake all politically on denying it, than a day trip for a walk for his wife’s birthday. I have not proven anything. _________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
COVI-PASS™ Uses State-Of-The-Art, Patented VCode® Technology. Click Play To Watch The COVI-PASS™ Explainer Video.
EM Bio-Tech is at the forefront of Global Health-Tech and has developed COVI-PASS™️, to revolutionise the Health Industry with its Digital Health Passport.
https://www.covipass.com/
COVI-PASS™️ can manage the end-to-end (including product tagging) process from test to secure Digital Health Passport. COVI-PASS™️ is agnostic to any Covid-19 test brand or source, and can integrate with all global COVID test manufacturers.
During this global Covid-19 pandemic, the world is searching for a secure solution, to hold test, immunoresponse information, and vaccination details for now and into the future. COVI-PASS™️ has been developed to be the world’s most secure Digital Health Passport solution.
Through unique biometric access, users are allowed access to their health and immunoresponse information. COVI-PASS™️ safely facilitates safe return to work and life.
COVI-PASS™️ is equipped with military grade encryption and has more than 2.2 Quintillion variations of codes, which securely corresponds to certified tests, all of which can do something different based on the details of the scanner: user ID, time & date, device type and how many times they have scanned.
TECHNOLOGY SUPERIORITY
The VCode® can be scanned at distance (in some uses over 100meters), applied at sizes down to 100 microns, scanned within 170-degree angles and features error correction where the code still works when partially damaged.
In scan rate efficiency, VCode® is up to 10 seconds faster than other technologies, which could save hours for Healthcare, Businesses and social requirements, when reaching a high volume scan rate. The uses of VCode®️ span all Industries from payments, traceability / anti-counterfeiting measures to identity provisioning.
WHAT IS COVI-PASS™
COVI-PASS™ is a secure Digital Health Passport which displays your Covid-19 test history and immunoresponse and other relevant health information.
COVI-PASS™ can be used as an authenticated gateway for Public Services, Businesses and their key employees to assist in managing a safe workplace.
While onboarding a new Healthcare organisation could typically take months, COVI-PASS™ reduces the time to two minutes by enabling instant validation of staff identity details, PPE training and Fit Test assessments.
MORE
USING
COVI-PASS™
COVI-PASS™ provides a Digital Health Passport in a scannable app that can be included in existing healthcare apps along with having Covid-19 testing kits integrating the VCode® technology to be used for ongoing monitoring and reporting. Healthcare workers can have the app on their smartphones or via an RFID card to show the latest test results.
COVI-PASS™ can be scanned from up to 3 metres away, securely ensuring social distancing measures are adhered to.
COVI-PASS™ provides a full end-to-end solution; from Covid-19 test procedure to recording the result in a secure Digital Health Passport, using innovative technologies.
MORE
ABOUT US
COVI-PASS™ is a global bio-science and technology company that has developed a certified return to work protocol in collaboration with global corporations and governments.
What truly separates COVI-PASS™ from any other company is the patented VCode® technology from VST Enterprises that is equipped with military-grade encryption. VCode® has more than 2.2 Quintillion variations of codes to secure a number of scans performed and user login, time, facial recognition, touch ID, geo-fences and handset brand.
VST Enterprises technology enables COVI-PASS™ to be used with tests for Ebola, Sars and Mers, and to confirm information related to underlying health issues, ICE details, medication and PPE authorised to the key worker.
MORE
previous arrownext arrow
Theresa May - Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
“I know VSTE prides itself on its ‘infinite Possibilities’ - and it is exactly that sort of optimism this country needs to power its economy. Manchester’s exciting tech industry is already sparking new ideas and new businesses and VSTE will be able to spread the word.”
Dr. Anas Nader - CEO and co-founder of Patchwork.Health
“The importance of allowing hospitals to seamlessly call upon a vast network of trained healthcare workers for immediate service cannot be overstated – delays of several days are no longer sustainable and could make a life-changing difference to patients.”
Claire McCloughlin - Head of Interactive Technology, BBC
“Vcode® leads the way for next generation engagement with consumers. The accuracy of the codes, the sophistication of smartphone handsets, dynamic flexible content and the low cost of deployment make this technology ideal for visual media and outdoor promotion. The BBC is proud to support a UK company which is pushing the boundaries and can see the benefit of using VCode for a wide range of campaigns”
Jill Young - CEO, NHS Golden Jubilee Foundation
“The foundation is excited to be partnering VST Enterprises to support their innovative VDonate Application. We believe VDonate will significantly drive Golden Jubilee Foundations fundraising efforts.”
Mike Farnan - CEO, Redstrike
"We are already talking to Government, we are already talking to the Department of Health, we are already in those conversations at the highest level. The Government are desperate to find a mechanism and we have just given them one. It can work across all areas of life and sport is one of those areas." *DailyMail - Apr 16th 2020
previous arrownext arrow
COVI-PASS™
OBJECTIVE
In order to safely return to work and social interactions, up-to-date and authenticated health information is vital. COVI-PASS™ is a secure, patented and trusted solution that can successfully deliver on this objective.
SOLUTION
COVI-PASS™ is able to display past and current Covid-19 test results to confirm your immunoresponse. This ensures confident return to work and life.
VALIDATION
COVI-PASS™ connects your personal biometric ID + Covid-19 test result + unique VCode identifier = Health Authenticated
PARTNERSHIPS & STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
COVI-PASS™ endeavors to create a sustainable and effective network of value-added Partnerships and Alliances to combat the novel Covid-19 pandemic by assisting Governments, International Corporations, Public and Private enterprises to optimise Public Health management.
When signing up with COVI-PASS™ you become an important participant in managing Public Health within your organisation, community and country.
GOVERNMENTS
COVI-PASS™ technology is certified by the United Nations and bears an European Union Commission Seal of Excellence. COVI-PASS™ is committed to support Governments, Sports Bodies and Health Services to comply with statutory regulations to improve Public Health management.
VCODE,
RELIABLEVERSATILEINNOVATIVEBE PART OF THE FUTURE
The versatile technology allows genuine users to authorise themselves and authenticate a product (such as Covid-19 Test) in real-time using a smart device or RFID reader.
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
COVI-PASS™ empowers International Corporations, Companies and Businesses to enable employees back to work.
COVI-PASS™ coordinates the combined respective efforts of Governments, International Corporations and Businesses to overcome the daily work challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
COMMENTARY By Ronald Cohen April 18, 2020 10:55 am ET
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Ab testing kits AFIAS Covid-19 used in diagnosing the coronavirus (COVID-19) sit at the Boditech Med Inc. headquarters on April 17, 2020 in Chuncheon, South Korea.
Photograph by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images
If our objective is to stop the Covid-19 pandemic and restart the world’s economies, we urgently need entrepreneurial innovation to deliver vast quantities of effective tests as soon as humanly possible.
Containment, which has helped our developed economies to slow the spread of the virus, is hugely costly and, in any case, will not be realistic in emerging countries where overcrowding is a common feature of daily life. If there are no reliable tests for the virus and its antibodies, the virus is likely to continue spreading and could well return to advanced countries.
Containment has huge economic costs. An estimated $350 billion is lost in production each month in the U.S. alone, as economist and Nobel Laureate Paul Romer and President of the Rockefeller Foundation Rajiv Shah recently wrote in the Wall Street Journal. The quickest and most effective method to shorten the duration of containment is through the regular testing of a large part of our population on a daily basis. If done in the right way, there is a good possibility that such tests can be developed and supplied within a matter of months. For health regulatory reasons, tests are likely to become available well ahead of effective medication and vaccines. According to Romer and Shah, $100 billion spent on testing would be equivalent to just ten days’ cost of containment in the U.S.
Mobilizing a massive and urgent effort is necessary in order to boost innovation, create the appropriate number of Covid-19 tests, and finance this supply in huge quantities.
One way to achieve this is through a Pay-for-Success Covid-19 initiative. Building on the advance market commitment successfully used to supply pneumococcal vaccines in 2009 and taking a leaf out of the impact investing playbook, private investment can be attracted to fund much-needed innovation, while remunerating investors only when effective tests have been supplied.
Achieving international coordination at this crucial time faces great difficulties. It makes sense, therefore, for the European Union, the U.S., and individual countries across the world to announce separate advance market commitments aimed at providing a combined $10 billion to purchase tests at a preagreed rate. Appropriate government agencies would sign contracts with interested companies. Prices would rise with more proximate delivery, greater quantity supplied, and the speed and accuracy of the tests. Governments could purchase all available production at the prices agreed, within a maximum time frame and quantity. Surplus tests available in any country would be sold across the world.
Innovative companies currently working to develop tests, both young and established, will enter into these contracts and race to ramp up their activity. The investment they require will be funded by $10 billion-worth of Covid-19 Innovation Bonds, guaranteed by the relevant governments and supplied by private investors on a nonrecourse basis, with a return that would rise from zero to 10% a year according to the number of government-purchased tests. Recipient companies would repay this investment with a variable return out of payments received.
Aside from bringing containment and the pandemic to an earlier end, with the consequent reduction in pain and economic cost, such a measure would provide economic stimulus as young and established companies engage deeply in our efforts to solve the crisis. The ensuing boost to innovation and manufacturing will bring benefits, not just during the crisis, but also after it.
Contracts should be priced at very attractive levels for companies. Demand for these tests is huge across the world, and to the extent that governments overpay in providing strong incentives for innovation, this overpayment would be shared through exports to other countries. In any case, the cost of overpayment would be insignificant compared with the longer duration of containment and its corresponding stimulus packages. By getting our economies going sooner, we will avoid much human suffering, save trillions of dollars in unemployment benefits, and halt the loss of economic output.
Such a Pay-for-Success initiative would provide very powerful incentives for companies and investors to join in the fight against Covid-19, dramatically boosting the effort to provide the tests we need. Similar initiatives could be extended to drive innovation in medication, vaccines, and personal protective equipment.
There is no reason why governments should not vigorously embrace this approach. The alternative is to run the risk of losing even more lives, forgoing even more economic output, and condemning many more companies to bankruptcy – making ourselves weaker and less able to reap the full benefit of a recovery when it finally comes.
Sir Ronald Cohen is chair, Global Steering Group for Impact Investment; author of IMPACT, to be published July 2; and investor, Click Diagnostics in Silicon Valley, which is developing a Covid-19 test. From 2013 to 2015 he chaired the G8 Social Impact Investment Taskforce.
TonyGosling wrote:
May 25, 2020 Introducing: C0VI Pass, the New Enslavement Tool
COVI-PASS™ Uses State-Of-The-Art, Patented VCode® Technology. Click Play To Watch The COVI-PASS™ Explainer Video.
EM Bio-Tech is at the forefront of Global Health-Tech and has developed COVI-PASS™️, to revolutionise the Health Industry with its Digital Health Passport.
https://www.covipass.com/
COVI-PASS™️ can manage the end-to-end (including product tagging) process from test to secure Digital Health Passport. COVI-PASS™️ is agnostic to any Covid-19 test brand or source, and can integrate with all global COVID test manufacturers.
During this global Covid-19 pandemic, the world is searching for a secure solution, to hold test, immunoresponse information, and vaccination details for now and into the future. COVI-PASS™️ has been developed to be the world’s most secure Digital Health Passport solution.
Through unique biometric access, users are allowed access to their health and immunoresponse information. COVI-PASS™️ safely facilitates safe return to work and life.
COVI-PASS™️ is equipped with military grade encryption and has more than 2.2 Quintillion variations of codes, which securely corresponds to certified tests, all of which can do something different based on the details of the scanner: user ID, time & date, device type and how many times they have scanned.
TECHNOLOGY SUPERIORITY
The VCode® can be scanned at distance (in some uses over 100meters), applied at sizes down to 100 microns, scanned within 170-degree angles and features error correction where the code still works when partially damaged.
In scan rate efficiency, VCode® is up to 10 seconds faster than other technologies, which could save hours for Healthcare, Businesses and social requirements, when reaching a high volume scan rate. The uses of VCode®️ span all Industries from payments, traceability / anti-counterfeiting measures to identity provisioning.
WHAT IS COVI-PASS™
COVI-PASS™ is a secure Digital Health Passport which displays your Covid-19 test history and immunoresponse and other relevant health information.
COVI-PASS™ can be used as an authenticated gateway for Public Services, Businesses and their key employees to assist in managing a safe workplace.
While onboarding a new Healthcare organisation could typically take months, COVI-PASS™ reduces the time to two minutes by enabling instant validation of staff identity details, PPE training and Fit Test assessments.
MORE
USING
COVI-PASS™
COVI-PASS™ provides a Digital Health Passport in a scannable app that can be included in existing healthcare apps along with having Covid-19 testing kits integrating the VCode® technology to be used for ongoing monitoring and reporting. Healthcare workers can have the app on their smartphones or via an RFID card to show the latest test results.
COVI-PASS™ can be scanned from up to 3 metres away, securely ensuring social distancing measures are adhered to.
COVI-PASS™ provides a full end-to-end solution; from Covid-19 test procedure to recording the result in a secure Digital Health Passport, using innovative technologies.
MORE
ABOUT US
COVI-PASS™ is a global bio-science and technology company that has developed a certified return to work protocol in collaboration with global corporations and governments.
What truly separates COVI-PASS™ from any other company is the patented VCode® technology from VST Enterprises that is equipped with military-grade encryption. VCode® has more than 2.2 Quintillion variations of codes to secure a number of scans performed and user login, time, facial recognition, touch ID, geo-fences and handset brand.
VST Enterprises technology enables COVI-PASS™ to be used with tests for Ebola, Sars and Mers, and to confirm information related to underlying health issues, ICE details, medication and PPE authorised to the key worker.
MORE
previous arrownext arrow
Theresa May - Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
“I know VSTE prides itself on its ‘infinite Possibilities’ - and it is exactly that sort of optimism this country needs to power its economy. Manchester’s exciting tech industry is already sparking new ideas and new businesses and VSTE will be able to spread the word.”
Dr. Anas Nader - CEO and co-founder of Patchwork.Health
“The importance of allowing hospitals to seamlessly call upon a vast network of trained healthcare workers for immediate service cannot be overstated – delays of several days are no longer sustainable and could make a life-changing difference to patients.”
Claire McCloughlin - Head of Interactive Technology, BBC
“Vcode® leads the way for next generation engagement with consumers. The accuracy of the codes, the sophistication of smartphone handsets, dynamic flexible content and the low cost of deployment make this technology ideal for visual media and outdoor promotion. The BBC is proud to support a UK company which is pushing the boundaries and can see the benefit of using VCode for a wide range of campaigns”
Jill Young - CEO, NHS Golden Jubilee Foundation
“The foundation is excited to be partnering VST Enterprises to support their innovative VDonate Application. We believe VDonate will significantly drive Golden Jubilee Foundations fundraising efforts.”
Mike Farnan - CEO, Redstrike
"We are already talking to Government, we are already talking to the Department of Health, we are already in those conversations at the highest level. The Government are desperate to find a mechanism and we have just given them one. It can work across all areas of life and sport is one of those areas." *DailyMail - Apr 16th 2020
previous arrownext arrow
COVI-PASS™
OBJECTIVE
In order to safely return to work and social interactions, up-to-date and authenticated health information is vital. COVI-PASS™ is a secure, patented and trusted solution that can successfully deliver on this objective.
SOLUTION
COVI-PASS™ is able to display past and current Covid-19 test results to confirm your immunoresponse. This ensures confident return to work and life.
VALIDATION
COVI-PASS™ connects your personal biometric ID + Covid-19 test result + unique VCode identifier = Health Authenticated
PARTNERSHIPS & STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
COVI-PASS™ endeavors to create a sustainable and effective network of value-added Partnerships and Alliances to combat the novel Covid-19 pandemic by assisting Governments, International Corporations, Public and Private enterprises to optimise Public Health management.
When signing up with COVI-PASS™ you become an important participant in managing Public Health within your organisation, community and country.
GOVERNMENTS
COVI-PASS™ technology is certified by the United Nations and bears an European Union Commission Seal of Excellence. COVI-PASS™ is committed to support Governments, Sports Bodies and Health Services to comply with statutory regulations to improve Public Health management.
VCODE,
RELIABLEVERSATILEINNOVATIVEBE PART OF THE FUTURE
The versatile technology allows genuine users to authorise themselves and authenticate a product (such as Covid-19 Test) in real-time using a smart device or RFID reader.
INTERNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
COVI-PASS™ empowers International Corporations, Companies and Businesses to enable employees back to work.
COVI-PASS™ coordinates the combined respective efforts of Governments, International Corporations and Businesses to overcome the daily work challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
previous arrownext arrow
TAKE A DEEPER DIVE INTO EXPLORING COVI-PASS™
Joined: 25 Jul 2005 Posts: 18335 Location: St. Pauls, Bristol, England
Posted: Wed May 27, 2020 1:10 am Post subject:
Evil Hidden Agendas: #Covid1984 Lies Censorship & the Brave New Normal. Paranoia, Organ Harvesting, The Globalists' Elite Agenda and finally, OUR United Front
I think they are just dragging this lockdown out now till theyve trained the 25000 contact tracers they have recruited. See what I gather about this tracing * is this.
You dont have to have it but you wont be able to get into a shop or get on a bus a train go in a pub or a school without it as you will have to scan a qr code to get in there.
If you are unlucky enough to be near someone they think has it then you will have to self isolate for 14 days. In that time they will spot check your address and if you have gone out you get fined a grand.
If a day after your 14 day quarantine with no going out for exercise etc you then come into contact with another infected person you are back in for another 14 days.
In these 14 day periods you cant go into shops etc coz the ap wont activate the qr code on the shop entrance as theyve signalled you as infected.
The american tracers are saying if you have to isolate and you have small kids with nobody to mind them they will go into care.
Combine this with a cashless society which is well on its way and they will have totally removed our freedom just like that.
For a virus that wont even kill the majority of us.
If you read this and think "nah its not happening" or "hes a crank" you wait and * see. This was never about a virus its about total control of the population. A prison planet.
Authoritarian Communism
_________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
Here is a small library of useful links to various articles and websites. Their appearance here does not mean I fully endorse every word in them. I leave it to my readers to decide whether such things are useful or not, and to make their own minds up. Several of them express opinions I don’t fully share, but all, including government documents, will help in intelligent sceptical inquiry into the Virus Panic. They are in no particular order:
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Message Text
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 01 GENEVA 02835 01 OF 02 121834Z
43
ACTION IO-13
INFO OCT-01 ISO-00 OES-06 HEW-06 IOE-00 AF-06 ARA-10 EA-09
EUR-12 NEA-10 SSO-00 NSCE-00 USIE-00 INRE-00 CIAE-00
DODE-00 INR-07 NSAE-00 PA-02 PRS-01 SP-02 AID-05 /090 W
--------------------- 034889
O 121737Z APR 76
FM USMISSION GENEVA
TO SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 9323
UNCLAS SECTION 1 OF 2 GENEVA 2835
ATTENTION: ANDREW, IO/HDC
EHRLICH, OIH/DHEW
E.O. 11652: N/A
TAGS: TBIO SWEL WHO
SUBJ: CABLE NO. 3 ON WHO EXPERT MEETING ON NEW JERSEY INFLUENZA
REF: A) STATE 086570, B) GENEVA 2821, C) GENEVA 2829
1. IN FURTHER RESPONSE REFTEL A, MISSION TRANSLATION OF LEAD STORY
IN PAST WEEKEND EDITION OF ONE OF TWO GENEVA NEWSPAPERS (TRIBUNE
DE GENEVE) APPEARS BELOW AS EXAMPLE OF SWISS COVERAGE BEING GIVEN
US INFLUENZA SITUATION. WHO'S PRESS RELEASE ON THE APRIL 7-9 FLU
MEETING, IN CONTRAST TO THE OFFICIAL REPORT CONTAINED IN REFTELS
B AND C, IS ALSO GIVEN BELOW, ALONG WITH LIST OF PARTICIPANTS WHO
ATTENDED APRIL 7-9 MEETING IN GENEVA.
SWINE INFLUENZA: HESITATION AT WHO FOLLOWING THE
AMERICAN DECISION
THE INFLUENZA EXPERTS MET AT WHO HEADQUARTERS, GENEVA, FROM 7
TO 9 APRIL, TO DISCUSS THE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN FOLLOWING THE
DISCOVERY, IN NEW JERSEY, OF A CERTAIN NUMBER OF CASES DUE TO
A NEW VIRUS, THE A-NEW JERSEY-76 VIRUS, WHOSE ANTIGENS
CORRESPOND TO THE A-SWINE VIRUS OF THE SPANISH FLU OF 1918.
IT IS KNOWN THAT THE AMERICAN SPECIALISTS FEAR A NEW FLU
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 02 GENEVA 02835 01 OF 02 121834Z
PANDEMIC AND HAVE ADVISED PRESIDENT FORD TO ORDER THE MANU-
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
FACTURE OF A SPECIFIC VACCINE WITH A VIEW TO VACCINATING THE
ENTIRE AMERICAN POPULATION; ON THE ONE HAND TO PROTECT THE
POPULATION, ON THE OTHER TO PREVENT A SPREADING OF THE VIRUS.
AT THE MOMENT, IT SEEMS THAT THE NEW JERSEY VIRUS HAS
NOT SPREAD BEYOND THE ORIGINAL FOCUS, BUT ONLY CAREFUL
SURVEILLANCE, FIRST IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THIS SPRING,
THEN IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE SOUTHERN WINTER,
WILL DETERMINE THE IMMEDIATE RISK THIS VIRUS REPRESENTS TO
MAN.
PREMATURE?
THE EXPERT MEETING IN GENEVA CONSIDERED THAT IT WAS
CERTAINLY PREMATURE TO ENVISAGE THE IMMEDIATE USE OF A
VACCINE UNTIL THERE ARE MORE INDICATIONS THAT THIS VIRUS
CONSTITUTES A THREAT TO THE REST OF THE WORLD. HOWEVER, NOT
WISHING TO ASSUME THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR LEAVING THE WHOLE
WORLD, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE U.S., UNPROTECTED IN THE FACE
OF THIS HYPOTHETICAL MENACE, THE EXPERTS RECOMMEND THE PREPARATION OF STRAINS WHICH COQLD BE USED FOR SUCH A VACCINE
AND TO STOCKPILE THE VACCINE. THIS, OF COURSE, POSES CONSIDERABLE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS, SINCE SUCH STOCKPILING REPRESENTS THE
IMMOBILIZATION OF SUBSTANTIAL CAPITAL WHICH COULD BECOME A
TOTAL LOSS. IT IS TRUE THAT IN MATTERS OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
ONE DOES NOT HESITATE, WHEREAS IN QUESTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH,
PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES ARE OFTEN DEBATED.
THERE PROBABLY IS TIME TO PRODUCE THE VACCINE, BUT IT IS
NOT CERTAIN THAT IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO MANUFACTURE THE QUANTITIES NEEDED FOR THE WHOLE WORLD. IF COUNTRIES SUCH AS
ENGLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND CANNOT ACCOMPLISH
IT, ONE CAN IMAGINE WHAT THE COUNTRIES OF THE THIRD WORLD OR
EVEN THE USSR AND CHINA WOULD HAVE TO DO.
ESTABLISH PRIORITIES
IT IS WISHFUL THINKING TO HOPE THAT, WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF THE U.S., ONE COULD VACCINATE THE WHOLE WORLD. IT WILL
BE NECESSARY TO ESTABLISH AN ORDER OF PRIORITY OF PERSONS
WHO SHOULD BE VACCINATED WITH THE AVAILABLE STOCKS.
THE FLU EXPERTS HAVE RAISED THE QUESTION WHETHER, IN
CASE OF SCARCITY OF THE SPECIFIC VACCINE, ONE SHOULD RESORT
TO CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS OF THE "AMANTADINE" TYPE TO PROTECT
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 03 GENEVA 02835 01 OF 02 121834Z
PERSONS WHO CANNOT BENEFIT FROM THE VACCINE. CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
HAS NEVER REALLY STOOD THE TEST, ALTHOUGH LABORATORY TEST
AND CERTAIN CLINICAL TRIALS GAVE HOPE THAT THEY MIGHT
CONSTITUTE AN INTERESTING MEANS OF PREVENTING THE FLU OR AT
LEAST OF ATTENUATING ITS EFFECTS.
STOCKPILING
ON THE OTHER HAND, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CLASSICAL
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
BACTERIAL COMPLICATIONS CAUSED BY THE BACTERIA "HAEMOPHILUS
INFLUENZAE" AND GOLDEN STAPHYLOCOCCUS" AND OF A NUMBER
OF CASES PROVOKED NOT BY THE FLU VIRUS BUT BY A PARTICULAR
GERM CALLED "MYCOPLASMUS PNEUMONIAE", THE EXPERTS HAVE
RECOMMENDED THE STOCK-PILING OF ANTIBIOTICS WHICH ARE
CONSIDERED EFFECTIVE AGAINST THESE BACTERIAL GERMS. THIS
ISOBVIOUSLY A WISE MEASURE, FOR THE MORTALITY RATE DURING
THE SPANISH FLU OF 1918 WAS, TO A LARGE EXTENT, DUE TO
BACTERIAL COMPLICATIONS AT A TIME WHEN NO ANTIBIOTICS WERE
AVAILABLE. CERTAINLY WITH ANTIBIOTICS THE MORTALITY RATE
CAUSED BY THE SPANISH FLU OF 1918 WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SO
HIGH. NEVERTHELESS, THE FLU VIRUS ALONE CAN BRING ABOUT A
CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF DEATHS SINCE, IN INDIVIDUALS WITH A LOW
RESISTANCE, IT CAN PROVOKE PARALYSIS OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEMS
LEADING TO THE MALIGNANT SYNDROME OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
WHICH CAN, HOWEVER, IN EXCEPTIONAL CASES BE FOUGHT BY INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISONE.
EACH COQNTRY WILL HAVE TO ORGANIZE, IN ACCORDANCE WITH
ITS STRUCTURE AND ITS FINANCIAL AND LOGISTICAL MEANS, AN
EMERGENCY PLAN BASED ON A HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM,
AND ONE MUST EXPECT A VARIETY OF OPTIONS ACCORDING TO THE
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND POLITICAL ORIENTATION OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES.
CERTAINLY IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO IMITATE THE UNITED STATES, WHICH
HAS A REMARKABLE HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM.
FOR THE FIRST TIME ABLE TO PREVENT
AND SWITZERLAND? WE MUST, FIRST, CONTINUE TO PRODUCE
VACCINE AGAINST A-VICTORIA, WHICH HAS NOT YET DISAPPEARED.
THEN, WE MUST OBVIOUSLY PREPARE THE VACCINE AGAINST THE NEW
A-JERSEY-76 CULTURE IN GREATER QUANTITIES. WE MUST KEEP IN
TOUCH WITH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE DATA. IN THIS REGARD,
WE BENEFIT BY THE EXCELLENT SURVEILLANCE NETWORK DEVELOPED
SOME YEARS AGO BY THE WHO. IF THE ASSUMPTIONS MADE PROVE
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 04 GENEVA 02835 01 OF 02 121834Z
TO BE RIGHT, WE SHOULD, FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, BE
ABLE TO COME UP WITH THE MEANS TO PREVENT, IN LARGE MEASURE,
ONE OF THE GREATEST SCOURGES OF MANKIND. FOR THE TIME BEING,
OBLIGATORY VACCINATION IS OUT OF THE QUESTION. BUT IT IS
INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT THE LEGISLATION ENABLES THE CONFEDERATION, IN UNUSUAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CIRCUMSTANCES, TO DECREE
OBLIGATORY VACCINATION WITHOUT ASKING THE OPINION OF
THE CANTONS. OTHERWISE, IT IS UP TO THE CANTONS TO FOLLOW
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITUATION AND TO COME UP WITH THE
NECESSARY MEASURES.
UNCLASSIFIED
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
NNN
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 01 GENEVA 02835 02 OF 02 121859Z
42
ACTION IO-13
INFO OCT-01 ISO-00 OES-06 HEW-06 IOE-00 AF-06 ARA-10 EA-09
EUR-12 NEA-10 SSO-00 NSCE-00 USIE-00 INRE-00 CIAE-00
DODE-00 INR-07 NSAE-00 PA-02 PRS-01 SP-02 AID-05 /090 W
--------------------- 035263
O 121737Z APR 76
FM USMISSION GENEVA
TO SECSTATE WASHDC IMMEDIATE 9234
UNCLAS SECTION 2 OF 2 GENEVA 2835
ATTENTION: ANDREW, IO/HDC
EHRLICH, OIH/DHEW
(TRIBUNE DE GENEVE, APRIL 10-11, 1976)
8 APRIL 1976 WHO PRESS RELEASE
EXPERTS' RECOMMENDATIONS ON NEW FLU STRAIN
DESPITE ITS POTENTIALITIES, THE NEW INFLUENZA STRAIN
ISOLATED IN THE USA HAS NOT YET CAUSED WIDESPREAD EPIDEMICS:
IT COULD POSSIBLY BE AN ISOLATED EVENT, NOT LEADING TO THE
KIND OF EPIDEMICS SEEN IN 1957 AND 1968. HOWEVER, THE NEXT
FEW MONTHS SHOULD PROVIDE DEFINITE INFORMATION ABOUT THE
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF SPREAD.
THIS OPINION WAS EXPRESSED IN GENEVA TODAY BY A GROUP
OF 22 INTERNATIONAL FLU EXPERTS FROM 16 COUNTRIES, CALLED
TOGETHER BY WHO TO DISCUSS THE EMERGENCE OF THE NEW STRAIN.
BUT THE EXPERTS RECOMMENDED AFTER THEIR TWO DAYS OF TALKS
THAT HEALTH AUTHORITIES WOULD BE WISE TO PREPARE CONTINGENCY
PLANS FOR POSSIBLE EPIDEMICS.
THE NEWLY ISOLATED STRAIN, CALLED A/NEW JERSEY, WAS
DISCOVERED AFTER A FLU OUTBREAK IN A US MILITARY CAMP AT
FORT DIX, NEW JERSEY, USA. IN ALL THERE WERE 12 CONFIRMED
CASES, ONE OF WHICH WAS FATAL; AS MANY AS 500 MEN WERE
LATER FOUND TO HAVE BEEN INFECTED, THUS INDICATING THE
CAPACITY OF THE VIRUS TO SPREAD AMONG
HUMANS. SINCE THE BEGINNING OF FEBRUARY, WHEN THE A/NEW JERSEY
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 02 GENEVA 02835 02 OF 02 121859Z
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
STRAIN WAS FIRST ISOLATED, WHO'S NETWORK OF FLU CENTRES, WHICH
COMPRISES 95 HIGHLY SPECIALIZED LABORATORIES AROUND THE WORLD,
HAVE BEEN ON THE ALERT. NO FURTHER CASES HAVE SO FAR BEEN
FOUND IN OR OUTSIDE THE USA.
AT PRESENT, THE ONLY RECOMMENDED MEANS OF MODIFYING
THE INCIDENCE OF INFLUENZA IN MAN IS BY THE USE OF VACCINES
PREPARED WITH THE EPIDEMIC STRAIN. BUT EVEN THIS MEASURE,
ALTHOUGH USEFUL IN PREVENTING THE DISEASE IN INDIVIDUAL CASES,
MAY NOT CONTROL OR PREVENT THE SPREAD OF INFLUENZA IN THE
WORLD. OTHER MEASURES HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED, PARTICULARLY
IN COUNTRIES WHERE VACCINE MAY BE AVAILABLE IN LIMITED
QUANTITIES OR EVEN NOT AT ALL. THE EXPERTS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT HEALTH AUTHORITIES SHOULD DISSEMINATE INFORMATION TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND THE PUBLIC, AND PREPARE
CONTINGENCY PLANS FOR ADAPTING EXISTING HEALTH SERVICES TO
A POTENTIALLY EXCEPTIONAL SITUATION. WHENEVER POSSIBLE, A
STOCKPILING OF ANTIBIOTICS AND OTHER USEFUL MEDICAMENTS
SHOULD BE ENVISAGED.
THE EXPERTS CALLED FOR INCREASED SURVEILLANCE ON BOTH
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS SO AS TO DETECT ANY POSSIBLE
SPREAD OF THIS STRAIN IN EITHER HUMANS OR SWINE, AND FOR
GREATER ATTENTION TO BE PAID TO THE ECOLOGY OF FLU VIRUSES,
NOTABLY AS REGARDS THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN HUMAN AND
ANIMAL STRAINS. ALL NEWLY ISOLATED FLU STRAINS REACTING WITH
A/NEW JERSEY ANTISERA ARE TO BE SENT IMMEDIATELY TO ONE OF
WHO'S INTERNATIONAL FLU COLLABORATING CENTRES IN ATLANTA,
GEORGIA OR IN LONDON.
VACCINE PRODUCING COUNTRIES ARE ENCOURAGED TO BEGIN THE
MANUFACTURE OF KILLED VACCINES FOR USE IN HIGH-RISK GROUPS,
AND FOR OTHER SECTIONS OF THE POPULATION IF THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION REQUIRES IT. THE EXPERTS SAID EXTREME
CAUTION IS NECESSARY IN THE INVESTIGATION OR POSSIBLE
DEVELOPMENT OF LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES MADE FROM A/NEW JERSEY
STRAIN. WHO WILL DISSEMINATE DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING POTENCY AND DOSAGE OF INACTIVATED VACCINES AS SOON AS THE
RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS CURRENTLY IN PROGRESS ARE KNOWN.
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS AT WHO FLU MEETING
AUSTRALIA DR N. MCK.BENNETT,FAIRFIELD HOSPITAL, FAIRFIELD,
VICTORIA
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 03 GENEVA 02835 02 OF 02 121859Z
CANADA DR J.FURESZ, BUREAU OF BIOLOGICS, DRUG DIRECT-
ORATE, DEPT OF NTL HEALTH AND WELFARE, OTTAWA
CHILE DR M. VICENTE, INSTITUTE BACTERIOLOGICO DE CHILE
SANTIAGO
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
FED.REP. OF GERMANY PROFESSOR M. KOCH, ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE,
BERLIN
FRANCE DR C. HANNOUN, UNITE D'ECOLOGIE VIRALE,
INSTITUT PASTEUR, PARIS
GERMAN DEM.REP. DR.S. DITTMANN, DIVISION OF GOVERNMENTAL INSPECT-
ION OF HYGIENE, MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH, BERLIN
HONG KONG DRW.K. CHANG,MEDICAL AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT,
VIRUS UNIT, QUEEN MARY HOSPITAL, HONG KONG
HUNGARY DR I. DOMOK, DIV. OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MICROBIO-
LOGY, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE, BUDAPEST
JAPAN DR H. FUKUMI, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, TOKYO
NETHERLANDS DR H. BIJKERK, COMMUNICABLE DISEASE DEPARTMENT,
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HYGIENE, LEIDSCHENDAM
PEOPLE'S REP. OF CHINA DR CHANG YI-HAO, VACCINE DEPT OF
THE PEKING INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS,
PEKING
DR KUO YUAN-CHI, INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY OF THE
CHINESE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, PEKING
SWEDEN DR L.A. HELLER, STATENS BAKTERIOLOGISKA LABORATOR-
IUM, STOCKHOLM
SWITZERLAND DR M.F. PACCAUD, SECTION DE VIROLOGIE, INSTITUT
D'HYGIENE, GENEVE
UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
PAGE 04 GENEVA 02835 02 OF 02 121859Z
USSR DR T.A.BEKTIMIROV, DEPARTMENT OF MOSCOW INSTITUTE
FOR VIRAL PREPARATIONS
DR K. LVOV, IVANOVSKIJ INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY,
MOSCOW
U.K. DR M. PEREIRA, VIRUS REFERENCE LABORATORY, CENTRAL
PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY, LONDON
DR G.C. SCHILD, DIVISION OF VIRAL PRODUCTS, NTL
INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STANDARDS AND CONTROL, LONDON
DR J.J. SKEHEL, NTL INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RE-
SEARCH, DIVISION OF VIROLOGY, MILL HILL, LONDON
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
USA DR W.R.DOWDLE, VIROLOGY DIVISION, BUREAU OF LABORA-
TORIES, CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL, ATLANTA,
GEORGIA
DR J.D. MILLER, BUREAU OF STATE SERVICES, DEPT OF
HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE, PHS, CDC, ATLANTA, GA.
ABRAMS
UNCLASSIFIED
NNN
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006
Message Attributes
Automatic Decaptioning: X
Capture Date: 01 JAN 1994
Channel Indicators: n/a
Current Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
Concepts: DISEASE CONTROL, REPORTS, COMMITTEE MEETINGS, PRESS RELEASES, COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, VACCINES, SWINE
INFLUENZA
Control Number: n/a
Copy: SINGLE
Draft Date: 12 APR 1976
Decaption Date: 01 JAN 1960
Decaption Note:
Disposition Action: n/a
Disposition Approved on Date:
Disposition Authority: n/a
Disposition Case Number: n/a
Disposition Comment:
Disposition Date: 01 JAN 1960
Disposition Event:
Disposition History: n/a
Disposition Reason:
Disposition Remarks:
Document Number: 1976GENEVA02835
Document Source: CORE
Document Unique ID: 00
Drafter: n/a
Enclosure: FULL TEXT ON MICROFILM
Executive Order: N/A
Errors: N/A
Film Number: P760061-2197
From: GENEVA
Handling Restrictions: n/a
Image Path:
ISecure: 1
Legacy Key: link1976/newtext/t19760472/aaaacjoz.tel
Line Count: 338
Locator: TEXT ON-LINE, ON MICROFILM
Office: ACTION IO
Original Classification: UNCLASSIFIED
Original Handling Restrictions: n/a
Original Previous Classification: n/a
Original Previous Handling Restrictions: n/a
Page Count: 7
Previous Channel Indicators: n/a
Previous Classification: n/a
Previous Handling Restrictions: n/a
Reference: 76 STATE 86570, 76 GENEVA 2821, 76 GENEVA 2829
Review Action: RELEASED, APPROVED
Review Authority: oatisao
Review Comment: n/a
Review Content Flags:
Review Date: 21 JUN 2004
Review Event:
Review Exemptions: n/a
Review History: RELEASED <21 JUN 2004 by SilvaL0>; APPROVED <30 AUG 2004 by oatisao>
Review Markings:
Margaret P. Grafeld
Declassified/Released
US Department of State
EO Systematic Review
04 MAY 2006
Review Media Identifier:
Review Referrals: n/a
Review Release Date: n/a
Review Release Event: n/a
Review Transfer Date:
Review Withdrawn Fields: n/a
Secure: OPEN
Status: NATIVE
Subject: CABLE NO 3 ON WHO EXPERT MEETING ON NEW JERSEY INFLUENZA
TAGS: TPHY, OSCI, SZ
To: STATE
Type: TE
Markings: Margaret P. Grafeld Declassified/Released US Department of State EO Systematic Review 04 MAY 2006 _________________ www.lawyerscommitteefor9-11inquiry.org www.rethink911.org www.patriotsquestion911.com www.actorsandartistsfor911truth.org www.mediafor911truth.org www.pilotsfor911truth.org www.mp911truth.org www.ae911truth.org www.rl911truth.org www.stj911.org www.v911t.org www.thisweek.org.uk www.abolishwar.org.uk www.elementary.org.uk www.radio4all.net/index.php/contributor/2149 http://utangente.free.fr/2003/media2003.pdf
"The maintenance of secrets acts like a psychic poison which alienates the possessor from the community" Carl Jung
https://37.220.108.147/members/www.bilderberg.org/phpBB2/
BySarah Knapton, SCIENCE EDITOR and Dominic Gilbert 26 May 2020 • 7:24pm
Nearly 13,000 more people than expected have died in England and Wales since mid-March from causes other than coronavirus amid fears that a lack of medical care is responsible.
Data compiled by The Telegraph shows that there have been more than 23,000 excess deaths in care homes or at home, not linked to Covid-19, since March 13.
During that time, hospital deaths fell by more than 10,000 as many dying patients were sent back into the community to free up beds ahead of the pandemic building to a peak.
But even after allowing for the numbers who would ordinarily have died in hospital, some 12,818 deaths are left unaccounted for.
Statisticians at Oxford and Cambridge universities said the numbers were now sufficiently worrying for an inquiry to be launched into the cause.
There are fears that thousands of people have died at home or in care homes because they could not access medical treatment as resources were diverted to cope with the virus pandemic.
Professor Sir David Spiegelhalter, the chairman of the Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication at Cambridge, said: "There's a huge spike in non-Covid deaths at home very quickly into the epidemic, close to the time when hospitals started minimising the normal service that they were providing.
"A call went out to all hospitals to send as many patients as you possibly could out of hospitals, and it was the community's responsibility to look after them.
"It is important to know how many might have been at least delayed if the normal healthcare had existed. This isn't to attribute blame, but this isn't going to be our last epidemic and we need to learn about the indirect impact of measures.
"It's a vital issue to understand the consequences of the actions that we have taken."
New figures show that there are now 46,383 deaths registered with Covid-19 across the whole of the UK, including suspected cases. But it is feared that the true death toll of the pandemic may be closer to 60,000 when excess deaths caused by the lockdown are factored in.
During the lockdown, urgent cancer referrals across England dropped by 62 per cent, while chemotherapy treatments have been running at just 70 per cent of their normal levels.
A&E attendance has plummeted in recent weeks, and there are also concerns that people have stayed away from hospitals despite suffering life-threatening heart attacks or strokes.
On April 25, Sir Simon Stevens, the head of the NHS, was forced to launch a new drive to persuade the public to seek urgent care and treatment when it is needed.
Separate calculations by the University of Cambridge showed that, over the seven weeks up to May 15, there were 1,700 more deaths in homes than would be expected in that period, and 12,800 extra deaths in care homes.
Professor Carl Heneghan, the director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Oxford, said excess deaths at home were unlikely to be unrecorded coronavirus deaths.
"These people have been isolating, they have not been having visitors, so by now it's hard to explain this as unrecognised Covid," he said. "There are excesses for a number of reasons. One of them could be a lack of people presenting to healthcare with usual problems that are highly amenable to treatment.
"This is an urgent area for inquiry. Whether people are being discharged too early or whether they're not presenting sufficiently, there are issues here because this number is significantly higher than what we'd normally expect in the home setting."
Care homes have been particularly hard hit by the virus, with new figures showing that, in London, there have been 4.6 deaths per 100 care home beds – the highest in the country.
Meanwhile, new allegations have been made against the operator of the Home Farm care home on the Isle of Skye, where 10 residents have died from Covid-19 and the majority have been infected.
The Scottish care regulator has initiated court proceedings against HC-One, the owner of the home, while police are investigating three of the deaths.
COMMENTARY By Ronald Cohen April 18, 2020 10:55 am ET
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Ab testing kits AFIAS Covid-19 used in diagnosing the coronavirus (COVID-19) sit at the Boditech Med Inc. headquarters on April 17, 2020 in Chuncheon, South Korea.
Photograph by Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Images
If our objective is to stop the Covid-19 pandemic and restart the world’s economies, we urgently need entrepreneurial innovation to deliver vast quantities of effective tests as soon as humanly possible.
Containment, which has helped our developed economies to slow the spread of the virus, is hugely costly and, in any case, will not be realistic in emerging countries where overcrowding is a common feature of daily life. If there are no reliable tests for the virus and its antibodies, the virus is likely to continue spreading and could well return to advanced countries.
Containment has huge economic costs. An estimated $350 billion is lost in production each month in the U.S. alone, as economist and Nobel Laureate Paul Romer and President of the Rockefeller Foundation Rajiv Shah recently wrote in the Wall Street Journal. The quickest and most effective method to shorten the duration of containment is through the regular testing of a large part of our population on a daily basis. If done in the right way, there is a good possibility that such tests can be developed and supplied within a matter of months. For health regulatory reasons, tests are likely to become available well ahead of effective medication and vaccines. According to Romer and Shah, $100 billion spent on testing would be equivalent to just ten days’ cost of containment in the U.S.
Mobilizing a massive and urgent effort is necessary in order to boost innovation, create the appropriate number of Covid-19 tests, and finance this supply in huge quantities.
One way to achieve this is through a Pay-for-Success Covid-19 initiative. Building on the advance market commitment successfully used to supply pneumococcal vaccines in 2009 and taking a leaf out of the impact investing playbook, private investment can be attracted to fund much-needed innovation, while remunerating investors only when effective tests have been supplied.
Achieving international coordination at this crucial time faces great difficulties. It makes sense, therefore, for the European Union, the U.S., and individual countries across the world to announce separate advance market commitments aimed at providing a combined $10 billion to purchase tests at a preagreed rate. Appropriate government agencies would sign contracts with interested companies. Prices would rise with more proximate delivery, greater quantity supplied, and the speed and accuracy of the tests. Governments could purchase all available production at the prices agreed, within a maximum time frame and quantity. Surplus tests available in any country would be sold across the world.
Innovative companies currently working to develop tests, both young and established, will enter into these contracts and race to ramp up their activity. The investment they require will be funded by $10 billion-worth of Covid-19 Innovation Bonds, guaranteed by the relevant governments and supplied by private investors on a nonrecourse basis, with a return that would rise from zero to 10% a year according to the number of government-purchased tests. Recipient companies would repay this investment with a variable return out of payments received.
Aside from bringing containment and the pandemic to an earlier end, with the consequent reduction in pain and economic cost, such a measure would provide economic stimulus as young and established companies engage deeply in our efforts to solve the crisis. The ensuing boost to innovation and manufacturing will bring benefits, not just during the crisis, but also after it.
Contracts should be priced at very attractive levels for companies. Demand for these tests is huge across the world, and to the extent that governments overpay in providing strong incentives for innovation, this overpayment would be shared through exports to other countries. In any case, the cost of overpayment would be insignificant compared with the longer duration of containment and its corresponding stimulus packages. By getting our economies going sooner, we will avoid much human suffering, save trillions of dollars in unemployment benefits, and halt the loss of economic output.
Such a Pay-for-Success initiative would provide very powerful incentives for companies and investors to join in the fight against Covid-19, dramatically boosting the effort to provide the tests we need. Similar initiatives could be extended to drive innovation in medication, vaccines, and personal protective equipment.
There is no reason why governments should not vigorously embrace this approach. The alternative is to run the risk of losing even more lives, forgoing even more economic output, and condemning many more companies to bankruptcy – making ourselves weaker and less able to reap the full benefit of a recovery when it finally comes.
Sir Ronald Cohen is chair, Global Steering Group for Impact Investment; author of IMPACT, to be published July 2; and investor, Click Diagnostics in Silicon Valley, which is developing a Covid-19 test. From 2013 to 2015 he chaired the G8 Social Impact Investment Taskforce.
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_________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
On 27 April a New York Times article reported excitedly the result animal trials of the Oxford Coronavirus vaccine:
"Scientists at the National Institutes of Health’s Rocky Mountain Laboratory in Montana last month inoculated six rhesus macaque monkeys with single doses of the Oxford vaccine. The animals were then exposed to heavy quantities of the virus that is causing the pandemic... But more than 28 days later all six were healthy, said Vincent Munster, the researcher who conducted the test.."
This would have been just as well because just four days earlier on 23 April Oxford Vaccine Group under the leadership of Andrew Pollard amid immense publicity had begun experimenting on human subjects. On 30 April a contract was announced with AstraZeneca to manufacutre the vaccine, promising to deliver an entirely new vaccine to the market at unprecedented speed by September. The only trouble was that when the results of the animal trial came to light in mid-May it was disclosed that on the contrary all the monkeys had become ill. The Daily Mail reported:
"In the latest animal trials of the vaccine carried out on rhesus macaques, all six of the participating monkeys went on to catch the coronavirus.
"Dr William Haseltine, a former Harvard Medical School professor, revealed the monkeys who received the vaccine had the same amount of virus in their noses as the three non-vaccinated monkeys in the trial.
This suggests the treatment, which has already received in the region of £90 million in government investment, may not halt the spread of the deadly disease."
Haseltine also commented in Forbes:
"There is a second troubling result of the Oxford paper. The titer of neutralizing antibody, as judged by inhibition of virus replication by successive serum dilutions as reported is extremely low. Typically, neutralizing antibodies in effective vaccines can be diluted by more than a thousand fold and retain activity. In these experiments the serum could be diluted only by 4 to 40 fold before neutralizing activity was lost."
Manifestly, human testing proceeded both against an entirely misleading background, and prematurely - which poses the most serious ethical questions. And now that we know that though the product was defective everything ploughs on regardless - Oxford/AstraZeneca now have contracts for hundreds of millions of rounds of the vaccine from both the British and the United States government.The British government has both a huge financial investment in the product and a reputational one, but it may help that Prof Pollard is both an adviser to the British regulator and chair of the committee recommends vaccine for public use.
John Stone is UK Editor for Age of Autism.
Posted by Age of Autism on May 26, 2020 at 06:02 AM in Current Affairs, John Stone, Science, Vaccine Safety | Permalink | Comments (14)
Unanswered Questions: Welcome to the World of Oxford Ethics
EthicsNote: We're pleased to share our own John Stone's work as it appeared on the Children's Health Defense site this week. We need to cross-pollinate at every opportunity, share each other's work and support the greater community outside direct autism. Now is the time to expand our thinking, not retreat into a shell of narrow thought. The Age of Autism, and I mean the age, not just this site, the actual era and age of autism has produced and influenced thinkers far outside the autism community because of the bravery of those of us who have been sounding alarms for now close to 20 years. I think Dan Olmsted would be quite proud of this legacy.
###
By John Stone, UK Editor, Age of Autism
Recently, the somewhat notorious Oxford bio-ethicist, Alberto Giubilini, posted a blog on the Oxford University web-journal Practical Ethics. Giubilini, was advocating in the wake of the Coronavirus pandemic, both for the compulsory tracking of global citizens and their compulsory vaccination (which was already a favourite theme of his before the advent of COVID-19). To the credit of the journal and Dr. Giubilini, I was able to post comments on the blog. Perhaps, less to their credit I have yet to receive an answer. This was my first comment:
Alberto
I have never understood with you bio-ethicists what it is you are doing except privileging your own opinions, often as not licensing the powerful to do what they want to the less powerful. And while there may be some conceivable benefit to licensing – as it were – this or that medical intervention you always seem over-optimistic about how it is monitored. Frankly, a scientist engaged in developing a product is going to be naturally dismissive of harms. As far as I can see you are playing a game in which the scientists are heroes and anyone who protests they have been hurt (or someone close to them) is trash almost by virtue of opening their mouths. But in fact there are myriads of ways that a product can go wrong, often quite frequently and admitted by the manufacturer (if not always disclosed by those administering). For instance, I have recently been referring to the Bexsero PIL which according to the U.K. schedule could give 3 in 1000 children Kawasaki Disease.
Let’s say with this present project that by the autumn, or even the end of next year, we will have little idea how to balance the danger of COVID-19 against the manifold products and simply professions of good intent will scarcely be enough. These products may well have the potential even to do immutable harm to human stock. Meanwhile, you are demanding that the population surrender rights over their bodies in perpetuity to inherently fallible bureaucracies and powerful industrial interests. I don’t see how you have knowledge to do that (or the reasoned acumen) and I don’t see where traditional checks and balances are engaged which could offer reasonable reassurance – frankly the agencies have been captured.
… in the event of a bad reaction the parents will probably just receive advice from the GP to give acetaminophen and go away and stop making a fuss – but they may have to deal with the consequences for the rest of their lives.
The second addresses Giubilini’s response to the challenge of another commenter. Giubilini had written as follows:
Thanks for the link. For the UK, that amounts to about 900 claims in over 40 years. Some of those vaccines are no longer in use and 40 years ago we knew less about risk groups. Today vaccines are not administered to groups at risk. Safety is basically 100%. If you look at the same document, you will see that the risks of non-vaccination are vastly larger. 20 million of cases of measles and thousands of deaths have been prevented in the UK alone thanks to the vaccine for instance.
Read more at Children's Health Defense.
Posted by Age of Autism on May 15, 2020 at 06:01 AM in John Stone | Permalink | Comments (10)
A Letter to My Member of Parliament: THE CRITICAL NEED FOR TRANSPARENCY AROUND COVID-19 VACCINES
image from pbs.twimg.comby John Stone
This is the letter I sent to my Member of of Parliament yesterday forwarding the excellent letter to the UK's Secretary of Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock (pictured with Bill Gates), by Robert Verkerk and Damien Downing:
Dear ------,
RE: THE CRITICAL NEED FOR TRANSPARENCY AROUND COVID-19 VACCINES
I am forwarding the excellent letter (attached) to Matt Hancock by Robert Verkerk of the Alliance for Nautal Health International and Damien Downing of the British Society for Ecological Medicine requesting transparency over the introduction of any COVID-19 vaccines in response to the current crisis, and I would suggest that it is necessary for the Secretary of State to make clear undertakings rather than vague professions of good faith. The letter can be found here on-line [1].
It was well understood even in the 19th century how statistics could be distorted for political purposes, since when the methods have only become more sophisticated and ultimately potentially more obfuscating. The safety, usefulness and effectiveness of universal vaccines should have to be meticulously and transparently established, yet we advance at reckless pace. It is certain that none of the candidates will have long term testing and it is questionable who on the face of it they could sensibly be given to [2].
There are other matters of transparency which go beyond the Verkerk/Downing letter. For example, the unusual arrangement by which the Secretary of State is also the main shareholder in the Porton Down Lab (as is now well-known). It was distressing to see how the Secretary of State began pumping public money into the speculative Porton Down vaccine project in the early stages of the epidemic, while failing to ensure that the puplic were immediately protected [3] (we are now heading for the worst fatality rate of any country). On the 19 March Public Health England put out a statement that they no longer considered COVID-19 to be a high risk disease [4] and within a day we were facing lockdown. Not much more convincing, now, are tub thumping references to British innovation by the Business Secretary or the Prime Minister.
Continue reading "A Letter to My Member of Parliament: THE CRITICAL NEED FOR TRANSPARENCY AROUND COVID-19 VACCINES" »
Posted by Age of Autism on May 04, 2020 at 06:00 AM in Current Affairs, John Stone, Science, Vaccine Safety | Permalink | Comments (43)
British Government Plays With Fire Over COVID-19: Enter Prof Pollard
image from en.wikipedia.orgby John Stone
Next week Over Vaccine Group begin human testing for a COVID-19 vaccine with a with a view to marketing by the autumn. The speed of the process may be accelerated by the fact that Professor Pollard who heads the OVG is also advisor to the the UK's licensing body, the MHRA, and chair of the JCVI, the body which recommends vaccines to the British schedule. He very likely also sits on the British government’s mysterious Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies. Age of Autism has been higlighting the manifold and apparently contradictory roles of Prof Pollard for more than four years. In 2014 as recently appointed chair of the JCVI he recommended Bexsero meningitis B vaccine of which he was lead developer to the UK infant schedule, leading to a sudden leap in its commercial prospects. Even the package insert discloses serious dangers for Bexsero including a 3 in 1000 risk of Kawasaki Disease for an infant having three doses.
While Pollard and likely the British government's plans rush forward many scientists have questioned either the wisdom of the COVID-19 vaccine or how fast one could be brought to the market. On the present time scale we will know nothing of the long term effects. Tests will be carried on healthy people 18-55 but rolled out for children, the sick and the elderly. It will be trialled against "a control injection" not genuine placebo, (in fact a Men ACWY vaccine). At present we do not even know if the disease itself results in long term immunity or any immunity against all the other mutations which are beginning to proliferate. Meanwhile, the OVG promotes discussion about whether vaccination should be made compulsory. Indeed, if it were it would be Prof Pollard's committee which would decide what every man, woman and child in the United Kingdom would receive, and would not be able to refuse.
This is Pollard’s most recent disclosure in the JCVI minutes:
Professor Pollard receives no personal payments from the manufacturers of vaccinesHe is Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group in the Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and has current research funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute for Health Research, the European Commission, Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, InnovateUK, Meningitis Research Foundation, and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation. Hechairs the scientific advisory group on vaccines for the European Medicines Agency and is a memberof WHO’s SAGE.Other investigators in the Department conduct research funded by vaccine manufacturers and theDepartment has received unrestricted educational grant funding for a three-day course on paediatricinfectious disease from Gilead, and GSK in June 2019.
While it is inevitable that any scientist is going to be an enthusiast for is or her own research the long term indifference of the British government to traditional checks and balances is deeply concerning, and no less so at this difficult time.
Recruitment begins for a clinical trial of a COVID-19 vaccine led by Andy Pollard
andrew pollard
Professor Andrew Pollard, Vice Master of St Cross College, is the Chief Investigator on a new study developing a possible vaccine for COVID-19. The 'ChAdOx1 nCoV-19' vaccine, as it is called, was developed by a team of University of Oxford researchers based on an adenovirus vaccine vector. A collaborative team from the Jenner Group and the Oxford Vaccine Group is now recruiting over 500 healthy volunteers for clinical trials of the vaccine. While applications for volunteers have closed, those interested in volunteering for future COVID-19 studies can register interest here.
Pollard is one of a team of academics, which includes himself, Professor Sarah Gilbert, Professor Teresa Lambe, Dr Sandy Douglas and Professor Adrian Hill, who began the project on Friday 10 January 2020. Pollard said, ‘Starting the clinical trials is the first step in the efforts to find out whether the new vaccine being developed at Oxford University works and could safely play a central role in controlling the pandemic coronavirus that is sweeping the globe.’
Germany’s federal government and mainstream media are engaged in damage control after a report that challenges the established Corona narrative leaked from the interior ministry.
Some of the report key passages are:
The dangerousness of Covid-19 was overestimated: probably at no point did the danger posed by the new virus go beyond the normal level.
The people who die from Corona are essentially those who would statistically die this year, because they have reached the end of their lives and their weakened bodies can no longer cope with any random everyday stress (including the approximately 150 viruses currently in circulation).
Worldwide, within a quarter of a year, there has been no more than 250,000 deaths from Covid-19, compared to 1.5 million deaths [25,100 in Germany] during the influenza wave 2017/18.
The danger is obviously no greater than that of many other viruses. There is no evidence that this was more than a false alarm.
A reproach could go along these lines: During the Corona crisis the State has proved itself as one of the biggest producers of Fake News.
So far, so bad. But it gets worse.
The report focuses on the “manifold and heavy consequences of the Corona measures” and warns that these are “grave”.
More people are dying because of state-imposed Corona-measures than they are being killed by the virus.
The reason is a scandal in the making:
A Corona-focused German healthcare system is postponing life-saving surgery and delaying or reducing treatment for non-Corona patients.
Berlin in Denial Mode. The scientists fight back.
Initially, the government tried to dismiss the report as “the work of one employee”, and its contents as “his own opinion” – while the journalists closed ranks, no questions asked, with the politicians.
But the 93-pages report titled “Analysis of the Crisis Management” has been drafted by a scientific panel appointed by the interior ministry and composed by external medical experts from several German universities.
The report was the initiative of a department of the interior ministry called Unit KM4 and in charge with the “Protection of critical infrastructures”.
This is also where the German official turned whistleblower, Stephen Kohn, work(ed), and from where he leaked it to the media.
The authors of the report issued a joint press release already on Mai 11th, berating the government for ignoring expert advise, and asking for the interior minister to officially comment upon the experts joint statement:
“Therapeutic and preventive measures should never bring more harm than the illness itself. Their aim should be to protect the risk groups, without endegearing the availibilty of medical care and the health of the whole population, as it is unfortunately occurring”
“We in the scientific and medical praxis are experiencing the secondary damages of the Corona-measures on our patients on a dialy basis.”
“We therefore ask the Federal Ministry of the Interior, to comment upon our press release, and we hope for a pertinent discussion regarding the [Corona] measures, one that leads to the best possible solution for the whole population”
At the time of writing, the German government had yet to react.
But the facts are – sadly – vindicating the medical experts’ worries.
On Mai 23 the German newspaper Das Bild titled: “Dramatic consequences of the Corona-Measures: 52,000 Cancer Ops delayed.”
Inside, a aeading medical doctor warns that “we will feel the side-effects of the Corona crisis for years”.
Shooting the Whistleblower. Ignoring the Message.
As Der Spiegel reported on Mai 15th: “Stephen Kohn [the whistleblower] has since been suspended from duty. He was advised to obtain a lawyer and his work laptop was confiscated.”
Kohn had originally leaked the report on May 9th to the liberal-conservative magazine Tichys Einblick one of Germany’s most popular alternative media outlets.
News of the report went mainstream in Germany during the second week of Mai – but already in the third week media and politicians alike stopped discussing the issue by refusing to comment upon it.
Emblematic was the approach taken by Günter Krings, the representative for Interior Minister Horst Seehofer – the whistleblower’s boss:
Asked it he would treat the document seriously, Krings replied:
“If you start analyzing papers like that, then pretty soon you’ll be inviting the guys with the tin foil hats to parliamentary hearings.”
Men in tin foil hats – Aluhut in German – is a term used to describe people who believe in conspiracy theories.
Indeed one article by Der Spiegel adressing the Corona protest movement and the consequences of the leaked report contained the word “conspiracy” no fewer than 17 times!
And no discussions of the issues raised by the report itself.
Outside Germany the news has virtually gone unreported.
The Protest Movement – or “Corona-Rebellen”.
Germans begun demonstrating against Lockdowns as early as April.
And thousands of citizens keep showing up at demos every week-end, even as the government is easing the restrictions.
The demos are not merely against restrictions, which have actually been comparatively mild compared to many other Western countries.
The demos question the entire Corona Narrative, and even more its principals, especially the role Bill Gates is playing, as the WHO second biggest donor (the first one since Trump suspended U.S. contribution).
Indeed the biggest such demos took place in Stuttgart on May 9th, where tens of thousands people assempled to say no – to the NWO.
Germans are saying no to any orwellian solution the government might one day impose out of a questionable “emergency status”, from mass surveillance Apps to mandatory vaccinations.
The leaked report has proved their fears to be well founded.
At least as far as the fake nature of the “Corona pandemic” is concerned.
The rest might soon follow.
Also by this author
Daniele POZZATI
The Troika Horse: EU Corona Package Puts Italy (and Southern Europe) Under Economic Siege _________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
Dr John Lee: The way ‘Covid deaths’ are being counted is a national scandal
http://archive.is/bUns2
We have no idea how many lives have really been lost to the disease
From magazine issue: 30 May 2020
The way ‘Covid deaths’ are being counted is a national scandalThe way ‘Covid deaths’ are being counted is a national scandal
As a pathologist, I’m used to people thinking that my job mainly involves dealing with death. But nothing could be further from the truth. That is why I and many of my colleagues are so dismayed by changes introduced during the coronavirus epidemic which mean that pathology has not been able to play the role that it should have in helping to understand this new disease.
The word ‘pathology’ tends to conjure up images of body bags, mortuaries and murder investigations. ‘Ho ho,’ people say, ‘your patients can’t answer back.’ They imagine days spent trudging across fields to reach murder scenes, Silent Witness-style, and nights sifting through arcane evidence to catch the perpetrators. And a rare type of pathologist — the forensic pathologist — does indeed do that.
Most pathologists, though, spend the majority of their careers looking after the living. After all, pathology is the study of disease, and the whole point of knowing about diseases is to inform our approaches to preventing and treating them.
There are four main types of pathologist. Microbiologists specialise in the study of infectious diseases — a subtype is the virologist, in particular demand at the moment. Chemical pathologists are experts in the liquid parts of the blood; they analyse the endless samples that pour into path labs day and night, looking for changes in chemicals and hormones that indicate disease. Haematologists are experts in diseases of the blood cells, the red cells and white cells that can cause problems such as anaemia or leukaemia.
Autopsies often reveal the unexpected – tests and imaging carried out in life can be misleading
And then there is my own speciality of histopathology, or cellular pathology. We are experts in analysing changes in the fabric of our bodies that result from disease. Many diseases affect our tissues in ways that can be seen down the microscope, allowing them to be accurately diagnosed and monitored, particularly tumours and inflammations. Every time a biopsy or surgical sample is taken, it comes to the histopathology lab to be examined. Histopathology is often regarded as a ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis of diseases that change tissue structure. A clinical examination or X-ray may suggest that a tumour or fibrosis of the lung, say, is present, but you need to examine a tissue sample microscopically to be sure that it’s really there, what type it is, and how advanced. Tissue can also be examined genetically to look for the presence of infectious agents or cellular receptors that may determine how deadly it is.
The other thing that some histopathologists do is autopsies — hence the confusion with forensic pathology. But in this case the autopsies are not typically looking for evidence of foul play. They are usually requested by a coroner to ascertain the cause of death. Relatives, even doctors, are often surprised by the need for this in the world of modern medicine. Surely all the examinations, tests and imaging carried out in life mean that the treating doctors know what was wrong with the patient when they die? But no, it turns out that autopsies often reveal the unexpected. Tests and images can be misleading, and treating doctors may have fixed ideas about what the matter is, based on first impressions or incomplete evidence.
Autopsy — auto opsis — literally means seeing for oneself. And the person doing the seeing should be clear-eyed — an independent specialist medical practitioner, with no emotional or professional vested interest in what happened to the patient. Autopsy studies typically show major discrepancies between actual findings and clinical diagnosis in a quarter to a third of cases. And in about a sixth of the cases, knowing about these hidden pathologies in life could have made differences to treatment that might have prevented death. In the UK in recent decades about one in six deaths have had an autopsy examination — a deceased person’s last gift to the living.
The results contribute to maintaining and improving care, verifying and upholding the standards of public health statistics, preventing diagnostic drift, and basically keeping medicine honest. Autopsies also allow sampling of tissues from more organs than is usually possible in life, facilitating molecular and genetic studies.
And nowhere are autopsy studies more important than in the study of new diseases and new treatments. The best example of this in recent years was acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or Aids. When Aids first appeared in the early 1980s no one knew what it was, how it affected victims, how to treat it, or what effects potential treatments had. Knowledge about all of these aspects was substantially acquired by study of tissue samples taken during life, and by autopsy examinations, with study of samples acquired after death. There was much uncertainty and worry at the time about how the disease was spread, and possible contagion to healthcare workers and to the general population. But work continued, and the results were of immense help in understanding the disease and developing treatments.
Looking at the current crisis, the response so far has been very different. We are still struggling to understand coronavirus. I can think of no time in my medical career when it has been more important to have accurate diagnosis of a disease, and understanding of precisely why patients have died of it. Yet very early on in the epidemic, rules surrounding death certification were changed — in ways that make the statistics unreliable. Guidance was issued which tends to reduce, rather than increase, referrals for autopsy.
Normally, two doctors are needed to certify a death, one of whom has been treating the patient or who knows them and has seen them recently. That has changed. For Covid-19 only, the certification can be made by a single doctor, and there is no requirement for them to have examined, or even met, the patient. A video-link consultation in the four weeks prior to death is now felt to be sufficient for death to be attributed to Covid-19. For deaths in care homes the situation is even more extraordinary. Care home providers, most of whom are not medically trained, may make a statement to the effect that a patient has died of Covid-19. In the words of the Office for National Statistics, this ‘may or may not correspond to a medical diagnosis or test result, or be reflected in the death certification’. From 29 March the numbers of ‘Covid deaths’ have included all cases where Covid-19 was simply mentioned on the death certificate — irrespective of positive testing and whether or not it may have been incidental to, or directly responsible for, death. From 29 April the numbers include the care home cases simply considered likely to be Covid-19.
So at a time when accurate death statistics are more important than ever, the rules have been changed in ways that make them less reliable than ever. In what proportion of Covid-19 ‘mentions’ was the disease actually present? And in how many cases, if actually present, was Covid-19 responsible for death? Despite what you may have understood from the daily briefings, the shocking truth is that we just don’t know. How many of the excess deaths during the epidemic are due to Covid-19, and how many are due to our societal responses of healthcare reorganisation, lockdown and social distancing? Again, we don’t know. Despite claims that they’re all due to Covid-19, there’s strong evidence that many, perhaps even a majority, are the result of our responses rather than the disease itself.
It might have been possible to check these proportions by examining the deceased. But at a time when autopsies could have played a major role in helping us understanding this disease, advice was given which made such examinations less likely than might otherwise have been the case. The Chief Coroner issued guidance on 26 March which seemed designed to keep Covid-19 cases out of the coronial system: ‘The aim of the system should be that every death from Covid-19 which does not in law require referral to the coroner should be dealt with via the [death certification] process.’ And even guidance produced by the Royal College of Pathologists in February stated: ‘In general, if a death is believed to be due to confirmed Covid-19 infection, there is unlikely to be any need for a post-mortem examination to be conducted and the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death should be issued.’
We need proper information to inform our responses to the virus, both clinical and societal. Instead, we have no idea how many of the deaths attributed to Covid-19 really were due to the disease. And we have no idea how many of the excess deaths were really due to Covid-19 or to the effects of lockdown. Officials should be releasing, as a matter of urgency, detailed information on the surge in deaths, both apparent Covid and non-Covid — particularly in care homes. How many are dying of Covid acquired in hospitals? Data presumably exists on this too, but is not released.
The first rule in a pandemic should be to ensure transparency of information. Without it, errors can go undiscovered — and lives can be lost. We will never be able to find out for sure what this disease was like, or what it did in the early stages of the crisis.
One of the unappreciated tragedies of this epidemic so far is the huge lost opportunity to understand Covid-19 better. We like to beat ourselves up for having the worst Covid death toll in Europe — but we will never know, because we decided not to count properly. In a country that has always prided itself on the quality of its facts and figures, the missing Covid-19 data is a national scandal.
WRITTEN BY
Dr John Lee
Dr John Lee is a former professor of pathology and NHS consultant pathologist _________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
By Sarah Knapton, SCIENCE EDITOR 11 May 2020 • 4:14pm
'We are in the midst of the sixth mass extinction since the arrival of complex life on Earth'
There are three steps governments must take to demons... Read more ›
Sponsored
Coronavirus is not at epidemic levels in Britain, experts at Oxford University have said, with new figures showing that only a tiny proportion of the population is currently infected.
The latest data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) suggests that just 0.24 per cent of adults – approximately 136,000 people – have the virus. Separate surveillance by the Royal College of GPs indicates it may be even less.
Figures released last week showed just 0.037 per cent of people have the virus, although this is likely to be lower than the actual number because few people are visiting doctors with symptoms.
The vitamin D that I take: https://amzn.to/36u3F0R
In all 12 cases, the cause of death was found within the lungs or the pulmonary vascular system. For the ones who did not die of large pulmonary emboli, they died of the extensive inflammation within the lungs, meaning pneumonia with ARDS. In these cases, the lungs were wet and heavy, much like a sponge that is saturated with water. The surfaces of the lung often had a distinct patchy pattern, with pale areas alternating with slightly protruding and firm, deep reddish-blue hypercapillarized areas. This is indicative of areas of intense inflammation, with endothelial dysfunction that can be seen at the microscopic level. When they look at slices of the lungs under the microscope, they found diffuse alveolar damage in 8 cases. Specifically, they saw hyaline membrane formation, and tiny clots in the capillaries, and capillaries that were engorged with red blood cells, and other inflammatory findings. All these findings represent ARDS. They also found lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, infiltrated these areas of infiltration. This fits the picture of viral pathogenesis. They also looked at the pharynx of these patients, meaning in their throat. The lining of the throat, or mucosa, was hyperemic, meaning very red and irritated, and at the microscopic level, they saw lymphocytes invading there, which is consistent with a viral infection. In one case, a patient had lymphocytes invade his heart muscle, findings that are consistent with what we call viral myocarditis. More than half of the patients in this study had large blood clots. One-third of the patients had pulmonary embolism as the direct cause of death. All the others died of intense inflammation in their lungs related to pneumonia with ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). Recently there’s been studies showing that about 1/3rd of patients with severe COVID have blood clots. Another study of 191 patients with coronavirus aka COVID-19, half of those who died had clots, compared with 7% of survivors. And levels of D-dimer that were greater than 1000 µg/L were associated with a fatal outcome. So it's pretty clear now that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is causing a lot of clots to form in moderate to severe COVID disease. How is this happening? It's likely a combination of reasons, that has to do with downregulation of the ACE2 receptor in the lung alveoli, with a subsequent shift towards having more angiotensin II in the lungs, and less angiotensin 1-7 and 1-9 in the lungs, and when this happens, this leads to more cytokine storm with more inflammation, more constriction of pulmonary arteries, and more clots that develop. That, in turn, leads to more endothelial dysfunction in the capillaries that surround the alveoli. Also, there is evidence that the virus attaches to the ACE2 receptors of those endothelial cells that line those capillaries, which further propagates inflammation and clotting. And in the cytokine storm that develops there, RANTES, a chemokine, binds to the CCR5 receptor of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, and that causes those lymphocytes to infiltrate those areas of inflammation, and in doing so, further contributes towards the inflammatory reaction. This is why we are seeing low levels of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in severe COVID. Endothelial damage can also lead to the development of antiphospholipid antibodies, and these antibodies are bad because they trigger the formation of blood clots. That’s why patients who have clots with the diagnosis of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome need to be on blood thinners. Also, 11 out of the 12 patients in this study had underlying heart disease and were obese. These are known risk factors not just for cardiovascular disease, but also known risk factors for endothelial dysfunction, and are known risk factors for COVID. So the big takeaways from the findings in this study are that most people who die of COVID, it's primarily a lung problem. Either related to inflammation with ARDS and/or blood clots. Antiphospholipid syndrome might be a commonality among patients with thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.
Dr. Mike Hansen, MD Internal Medicine | Pulmonary Disease | Critical Care Medicine Website:
https://doctormikehansen.com/
Dominic Wichmann, MD, Jan-Peter Sperhake, MD, Marc Lütgehetmann, MD, … View all authors
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https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2003
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The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS–CoV-2), has caused more than 210 000 deaths worldwide. However, little is known about the causes of death and the virus's pathologic features.
Objective:
To validate and compare clinical findings with data from medical autopsy, virtual autopsy, and virologic tests.
Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Setting:
Autopsies performed at a single academic medical center, as mandated by the German federal state of Hamburg for patients dying with a polymerase chain reaction–confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.
Patients:
The first 12 consecutive COVID-19–positive deaths.
Measurements:
Complete autopsy, including postmortem computed tomography and histopathologic and virologic analysis, was performed. Clinical data and medical course were evaluated.
Results: Median patient age was 73 years (range, 52 to 87 years), 75% of patients were male, and death occurred in the hospital (n = 10) or outpatient sector (n = 2). Coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common comorbid conditions (50% and 25%, respectively). Autopsy revealed deep venous thrombosis in 7 of 12 patients (58%) in whom venous thromboembolism was not suspected before death; pulmonary embolism was the direct cause of death in 4 patients. Postmortem computed tomography revealed reticular infiltration of the lungs with severe bilateral, dense consolidation, whereas histomorphologically diffuse alveolar damage was seen in 8 patients. In all patients, SARS–CoV-2 RNA was detected in the lung at high concentrations; viremia in 6 of 10 and 5 of 12 patients demonstrated high viral RNA titers in the liver, kidney, or heart.
Limitation:
Limited sample size.
Conclusion:
The high incidence of thromboembolic events suggests an important role of COVID-19–induced coagulopathy. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanism and overall clinical incidence of COVID-19–related death, as well as possible therapeutic interventions to reduce it.
Primary Funding Source:
University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.
Since it was first detected in December 2019, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS–CoV-2) spread from the central Chinese province of Hubei to almost every country in the world (1, 2). Most persons with COVID-19 have a mild disease course, but about 20% develop a more severe course with a high mortality rate (3). As of 26 April 2020, more than 2.9 million persons have been diagnosed with COVID-19 and 210 000 of them have died (4). Why the new coronavirus seems to have a much higher mortality rate than the seasonal flu is not completely understood. Some authors have reported potential risk factors for a more severe disease course, including elevated D-dimer levels, a high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and older age (5, 6). Because of the novelty of the pathogen, little is known about the causes of death in affected patients and its specific pathologic features. Despite modern diagnostic tests, autopsy is still of great importance and may be a key to understanding the biological characteristics of SARS–CoV-2 and the pathogenesis of the disease. Ideally, knowledge gained in this way can influence therapeutic strategies and ultimately reduce mortality. To our knowledge, only 3 case reports have been published about COVID-19 patients who have undergone complete autopsy (7, . Therefore, in this study we investigated the value of autopsy for determining the cause of death and describe the pathologic characteristics in patients who died of COVID-19.
Methods
Study Design
In response to the pandemic spread of SARS–CoV-2, the authorities of the German federal state of Hamburg ordered mandatory autopsies in all patients dying with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The legal basis for this was section 25(4) of the German Infection Protection Act. Because of legal regulations, no COVID-19 death was exempted from this order, even if its clinical cause seemed obvious. The case series demonstrated herein consists of 12 consecutive autopsies, starting with the first known SARS–CoV-2–positive death occurring in Hamburg (the second largest city in Germany, with 1.8 million inhabitants). All autopsies were performed at the Department of Legal Medicine of University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. The Ethics Committee of the Hamburg Chamber of Physicians was informed about the study (no. WF-051/20). The study was approved by the local clinical institutional review board and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. In all deceased patients, postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) and a complete autopsy, including histopathologic and virologic evaluation, were performed. Clinical records were checked for preexisting medical conditions and medications, current medical course, and antemortem diagnostic findings.
PMCT, Autopsy, and Histologic Examination
Computed tomographic examination was done at the Department of Legal Medicine with a Philips Brilliance 16-slice multidetector scanner in accordance with an established protocol (9). In brief, full-body computed tomography was performed from top to thigh (slice thickness, 1 mm; pitch, 1.5; 120 kV; 230 to 250 mAs), complemented by dedicated scans of the thorax with higher resolution (slice thickness, 0.8 mm; pitch, 1.0; 120 kV; 230 to 250 mAS). We performed external examinations and full-body autopsies on all deceased persons with SARS–CoV-2 positivity (PCR confirmed) as soon as possible after taking proper safety precautions (using personal protection equipment with proper donning and doffing), following guidelines from the German Association of Pathologists, which are closely aligned with relevant international guidelines. The recently published recommendations for the performance of autopsies in cases of suspected COVID-19 were taken into account (10). The interval from death to postmortem imaging and autopsy (postmortem interval) ranged from 1 to 5 days. During autopsy, tissue samples for histology were taken from the following organs: heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, brain, prostate and testes (in males), ovaries (in females), small bowel, saphenous vein, common carotid artery, pharynx, and muscle.
For virologic testing, we took small samples of heart, lungs, liver, kidney, saphenous vein, and pharynx and sampled the venous blood.
Tissue samples for histopathologic examination were fixed in buffered 4% formaldehyde and processed via standard procedure to slides stained with hematoxylin–eosin. For the lung samples, we also used the keratin marker AE1/AE3 (Dako) for immunohistochemistry.
Quantitative SARS–CoV-2 RNA Reverse Transcription PCR From Tissue
Tissue samples were ground by using ceramic beads (Precellys lysing kit) and extracted by using automated nucleic acid extraction (MagNA Pure 96 [Roche]) according to manufacturer recommendations. For virus quantification in tissues, a previously published assay was adopted with modifications (11). One-step real-time PCR was run on the LightCycler 480 system (Roche) by using a 1-step RNA control kit (Roche) as master mix. The Ct (cycle threshold) value for the target SARS–CoV-2 RNA (fluorescein) and whole-process RNA control (Cy5) was determined by using the second derivative maximum method. For quantification, standard in vitro–transcribed RNA of the E gene of SARS–CoV-2 was used (12). These samples were also analyzed in a study focusing on renal tropism of SARS–CoV-2 (Puelles V, et al. Multi-organ and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2. In preparation).
Statistical Analysis
Data that were normally distributed are presented as means (SDs); data outside the normal distribution are presented as medians (ranges). Categorical variables were summarized as counts and percentages. All data were analyzed with Statistica, version 13 (StatSoft).
Role of the Funding Source
The sponsor was not involved in the design or conduct of the study, nor in the analysis of the data or the decision to submit the manuscript.
Results
Clinical Data
The median age of the 12 patients included in this study was 73 years (interquartile range, 18.5); 25% were women. For all patients, preexisting chronic medical conditions, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral artery disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and neurodegenerative diseases, could be identified (Table 1). Two patients died out of the hospital after unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 5 died after treatment in the intensive care unit, and the remaining 5 had an advanced directive for best supportive care and died in the non–intensive care ward. Laboratory results for clinical chemistry, hematology, and coagulation were not available for the patients who died out of the hospital. In the remaining patients, the most striking features of the initial laboratory test were elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase (median, 7.83 µkat/L [range, 2.71 to 11.42 µkat/L]), D-dimer (available for 5 patients; median, 495.24 nmol/L [range, 20.38 to >1904.76 nmol/L]), and C-reactive protein (median, 189 mg/L [range, 18 to 348 mg/L]), as well as mild thrombocytopenia in 4 of 10 patients. A procalcitonin test had been performed in 6 patients, and the results were negative in all but 1 patient with pneumonia (case 10). Table 2 provides an overview of the initial laboratory results.
Table 1. Patient Characteristics and Autopsy Findings
Table 2. Overview of Laboratory Results Taken at the Time of Hospitalization*
PMCT
In 2 cases (2 and 4), PMCT was not possible for logistic reasons. In the remaining cases, PMCT demonstrated mixed patterns of reticular infiltrations and severe, dense, consolidating infiltrates in both lungs in the absence of known preexisting pathology (such as emphysema or tumor). A juxtaposition of antemortem and postmortem findings is demonstrated in Figure 1. A complete summary of PMCT findings is presented in Table 1.
Figure 1. Antemortem versus postmortem computed tomographic imaging (case 3).
Top. Contrast medium–enhanced computed tomography scan demonstrates the antemortem findings: bilateral ground glass opacities in the lower lobes of both lungs (yellow asterisks) and a chest tube (yellow arrow), which has been introduced to treat a pneumothorax (yellow arrowheads). Bottom. Computed tomography scan without contrast medium enhancement demonstrates the corresponding postmortem findings. For technical reasons, the postmortem image has a lower resolution. To protect the staff from potential infection, bodies were scanned in a double-layer body bag with the arms positioned alongside the body. Although the findings correspond to the antemortem images, ground glass opacities in both lower lobes (yellow asterisks) and a chest tube (yellow arrow) are seen. In addition, a central venous line (red arrowhead) and gastric tube (red arrow) are visible.
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Autopsy
In 4 cases (1, 3, 4, and 12), massive pulmonary embolism was the cause of death, with the thrombi deriving from the deep veins of the lower extremities. In another 3 cases (5, 8, and 11), fresh deep venous thrombosis was present in the absence of pulmonary embolism. In all cases with deep venous thrombosis, both legs were involved (Figure 2). In 6 of the 9 men (two thirds) included in the study, fresh thrombosis was also present in the prostatic venous plexus (Appendix Figure 1, available at Annals.org).
Figure 2. Macroscopic autopsy findings.
A. Patchy aspect of the lung surface (case 1). B. Cutting surface of the lung in case 4. C. Pulmonary embolism (case 3). D. Deep venous thrombosis (case 5).
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Appendix Figure 1. Thrombosis of the prostatic vein (case 1) (arrows).
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In all 12 cases, the cause of death was found within the lungs or the pulmonary vascular system. However, macroscopically differentiating viral pneumonia with subsequent diffuse alveolar damage (a histologic diagnosis) from bacterial pneumonia was not always possible. Typically, the lungs were congested and heavy, with a maximum combined lung weight of 3420 g in case 11. The mean combined lung weight was 1988 g (median, 2088 g). Standard lung weights for men and women are 840 g and 639 g, respectively (13, 14). Only cases 6 and 9 presented with a relatively low lung weight: 550 g and 890 g, respectively (Appendix Table 1, available at Annals.org). The lung surface often displayed mild pleurisy and a distinct patchy pattern, with pale areas alternating with slightly protruding and firm, deep reddish blue hypercapillarized areas. On the cutting surfaces, this pattern was also visible (Figure 2). The consistency of the lung tissue was firm yet friable. In 8 cases, all parts of the lungs were affected by these changes. Cases 6, 7, and 9—occurring in the 3 women of the case series—presented with changes compatible with focal purulent bronchopneumonia. Macroscopically, no changes were observed outside the lungs and respiratory tract, except for splenomegaly in 3 cases, which suggested a viral infection.
Appendix Table 1. Weights of Individual Organs, in Grams, for All Cases*
During autopsy, all cases except for case 6 presented with preexisting heart disease, including high-grade coronary artery sclerosis (7 of 12); myocardial scarring, indicating ischemic heart disease (6 of 12); and congestive cardiomyopathy. Mean heart weight was 503 g (median, 513 g). In addition to this finding, the most common accompanying diseases were pulmonary emphysema (6 of 12) and ischemic enteritis (3 of 12). Often these conditions were known to the treating physician before death (compare columns 4 and 10 of Table 1). The macroscopic autopsy findings are presented organ by organ in Appendix Table 2 (available at Annals.org) and the lung findings in Table 1.
Appendix Table 2. Macroscopic Autopsy Findings in Organs Other Than the Lung in Patients Dying of COVID-19*
A clear trend toward obesity was observed among the cases (mean body mass index, 28.7 kg/m2; median, 28.7 kg/m2). However case 9, involving a patient with known neuroendocrine tumor of the lung, presented with severe cachexia (body mass index, 15.4 kg/m2). The comorbid conditions found are summarized in Table 1.
Histology
Histopathology of the lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage, consistent with early acute respiratory distress syndrome in 8 cases. Predominant findings were hyaline membranes (Figure 3, A and B), activated pneumocytes, microvascular thromboemboli, capillary congestion, and protein-enriched interstitial edema. As described by Wang and colleagues (15), a moderate degree of inflammatory infiltrates concurred with clinically described leukopenia in patients with COVID-19 and predominant infiltration of lymphocytes fit the picture of a viral pathogenesis. In later stages, squamous metaplasia was present (Figure 3, C). Long-term changes, such as destruction of alveolar septae and lymphocytic infiltration of the bronchi, were often visible as preexisting conditions. Four cases (6, 8, 9, and 10) showed no diffuse alveolar damage but extensive granulocytic infiltration of the alveoli and bronchi, resembling bacterial focal bronchopneumonia. Histologically, thromboemboli were detectable in cases 1, 3, 4, and 5 (Figure 3, D). Microthrombi were regularly found within small lung arteries, occasionally within the prostate, but not in other organs.
Figure 3. Histopathologic findings.
A. Diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membranes (case 4) (hematoxylin–eosin [H&E] stain; original magnification,×50). B. Hyaline membranes (case 4) (cytokeratin AE1/AE3 stain, original magnification×50). C. Squamous metaplasia in the lung (case 5) (H&E stain; original magnification,×100). D. Pulmonary embolism (case 1) (H&E stain; original magnification,×100).
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In addition to the lung changes described in Table 1, there were isolated histologic findings that might indicate a viral infection. The pharyngeal mucosa was examined in 7 cases. In 6 of them, hyperemia and alternating dense, predominantly lymphocytic infiltrates were found as signs of chronic pharyngitis. In 1 case (case 3), lymphocytic myocarditis was seen in the right ventricle (Appendix Figure 2, available at Annals.org). The remaining histologic changes were compatible with shock changes in part of the deceased patient (liver, kidneys, intestine) or corresponded to the macroscopically determined virus-independent preexisting pathology (such as ischemic cardiomyopathy).
Appendix Figure 2. Mononuclear infiltrations consisting of lymphocytes (arrows) in the myocardium of the right ventricle (case 3) (hematoxylin–eosin stain; original magnification,×100).
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Apart from findings related to SARS–CoV-2 infection, patients showed other histopathologic findings related to their chronic preexisting conditions, including hypertrophy of myocardial fibers or scarring of the myocardium. The peripheral veins, including those occluded by thrombi, showed no abnormalities on hematoxylin–eosin staining.
PCR Results
Quantitative reverse transcription PCR detected SARS–CoV-2 RNA in the lungs of all 12 patients (range, 1.2×104 to 9×109 copies/mL) and in the pharynx of 9 patients. Six patients showed moderate viremia (<4×104 copies/mL). In 5 of these patients, viral RNA was also detected in other tissues (heart, liver, or kidney) in concentrations exceeding viremia. Patients without viremia showed no or a low virus load in the other tissues. Only 4 patients had detectable viral RNA in the brain and saphenous vein.
Discussion
In this autopsy study of 12 consecutive patients who died of COVID-19, we found a high incidence of deep venous thrombosis (58%). One third of the patients had a pulmonary embolism as the direct cause of death. Furthermore, diffuse alveolar damage was demonstrated by histology in 8 patients (67%).
To our knowledge, this is the first case series summarizing and comparing clinical data of consecutive COVID-19 cases with findings obtained by a full autopsy, supplemented by PMCT, histology, and virology.
The high rate of death-causing pulmonary embolism at autopsy correlates well with the unsuccessful resuscitation of 3 of 4 patients, 2 of whom died out of the hospital. Apart from that, no preclinical evidence had been reported of pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis.
In studies that examined deceased patients with COVID-19 without relying on autopsy, no increased rates of pulmonary embolism were observed clinically. However, it is known that many cases of pulmonary embolism remain clinically overlooked and are often associated with sudden, unexpected death. This may have been aggravated by the method for diagnosing COVID-19 in Germany, which is based on PCR tests rather than computed tomographic imaging because of concerns about infection of medical staff and other patients. A recent report described clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan (16). Besides respiratory failure, the cause of death was multiorgan failure in 16% and cardiac arrest in 9%. No autopsies were performed. The gold standard for identifying cause of death is still the autopsy (17). However, in-hospital autopsy rates have declined worldwide over the past decades. Also, because of pathologists' potential risk for SARS–CoV-2 infection, very few autopsies have been performed worldwide (1. To our knowledge, only 3 case reports have been published on patients with COVID-19 who have undergone complete autopsy and a few more in which only lung tissue was examined (7, .
Other researchers have described coagulopathy as a common complication in patients with severe COVID-19 (5, 6, 19). In a recent study of 191 patients with COVID-19, 50% of those who died had coagulopathy, compared with 7% of survivors. D-dimer levels greater than 1000 µg/L were associated with a fatal outcome (6).
COVID-19 may predispose to venous thromboembolism in several ways. The coagulation system may be activated by many different viruses, including HIV, dengue virus, and Ebola virus (20, 21). In particular, coronavirus infections may be a trigger for venous thromboembolism, and several pathogenetic mechanisms are involved, including endothelial dysfunction, characterized by increased levels of von Willebrand factor; systemic inflammation, by Toll-like receptor activation; and a procoagulatory state, by tissue factor pathway activation (22). In a subgroup of patients with severe COVID-19, high plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed (23). The direct activation of the coagulation cascade by a cytokine storm is conceivable. With COVID-19, severe hypoxemia develops in some patients (24). Thrombus formation under hypoxic conditions is facilitated both in animal models of thrombosis and in humans. The vascular response to hypoxia is controlled primarily by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, whose target genes include several factors that regulate thrombus formation (25). Lastly, indirect causes, such as immune-mediated damage by antiphospholipid antibodies, may partially contribute, as speculated by Zhang and colleagues (26).
The macroscopic findings in our autopsy series—with rather heavy, consolidated, friable, basically air-free lungs in most of the cases—were impressive and explain the difficulties in sufficiently ventilating some of these patients. The histopathologic changes in most of our cases with diffuse alveolar damage as the main finding resemble those described by Xu and colleagues (7) and Barton and colleagues (, who reported single cases; Zhang and colleagues (26), who reported on lung biopsy in a patient with SARS–CoV-2 positivity; and Tian and colleagues (27), who described macroscopic and histologic pulmonary findings in 2 patients with lung cancer who received positive results on SARS–CoV-2 testing. However, the full-blown picture of diffuse alveolar damage seems to be more prevalent in younger patients with fewer preexisting diseases and longer survival, whereas older patients with more comorbid conditions tend to die in the early stages of the disease.
In line with clinical, macroscopic, and histopathologic findings, PCR detected the highest concentration of SARS–CoV-2 RNA in lung and pharyngeal tissue. Of interest, in most patients with disease, high titers of RNA were also detected in postmortem samples. The clinical relevance of this is not yet clear. Clearance of viral RNA from blood 7 days after transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma was associated with substantial clinical improvement, but studies have not shown a correlation between viremia and acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe COVID-19 (28, 29). As in patients with SARS–CoV-1, in whom viral replication could be detected in other organs, including the liver, kidney, spleen, and cerebrum (30), we detected viral RNA at high titers in other organs (liver, kidney, and heart) in 5 patients. These data suggest that SARS–CoV-2 may spread via the bloodstream and infect other organs. To prove this, replication intermediates must be detected.
The current study had some limitations: First, the sample size was small, possibly leading to overestimation of the rate of pulmonary embolism. However, both the clinical and postmortem observations agree well with the current knowledge about SARS–CoV-2 pathology. This includes the sex and age distribution as well as the preexisting conditions among the patients, but also the histologic findings. Second, although viral titers in swabs (pharynx) taken longitudinally up to 7 days after death remained similar, we lack data on how postmortem processes affect viral titers and dynamics in different tissues and body fluids. Moreover, the quantitative PCR assay used cannot discriminate between genomic and subgenomic RNA. As stated earlier, to prove viral replication, detection of replication intermediates or antigenomic RNA would be necessary.
In conclusion, we found a high incidence of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19. When hemodynamic deterioration occurs in a patient with COVID-19, pulmonary embolism should always be suspected. That patients with COVID-19 who have increased D-dimer levels, a sign of coagulopathy, may benefit from anticoagulant treatment seems plausible (31). As demonstrated in our cohort, this might be important for hospitalized patients and outpatients. In this context, some professional societies have already made recommendations for antithrombotic therapy for patients with COVID-19 (32). Robust evidence, however, remains scant, and further prospective studies are urgently needed to confirm and validate these results.
This article was published at Annals.org on 6 May 2020.
* Drs. Wichmann and Sperhake share first authorship.
† Drs. Püschel and Kluge share last authorship.
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Dominic WichmannUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Departement of Intensive are Medicine29 May 2020
Reply to Yazici
We were not aware about the restrictions to use of percentages and would like to apologize for its excessive use. Also we do not understand how this lessens the impact of our manuscript we must state that we did not intended to disguise any results. Due to the small base number of cases presented in our manuscript we assumed that the academic readership would be easily able to transfer percentages into real numbers.
Dominic WichmannUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care Medicine29 May 2020
Reply to D'Amico et al.
In their comment Prof. D’Amico and colleagues raise an interesting point: the aspect of multi-organ involvement in SRAS-CoV-2-infections. In fact focusing on pulmonary pathology alone may not show the whole picture of COVID.(1) With the fast growing knowledge about pathology and tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2 the scientific community may learn interesting things in the near future.
1. Puelles VG, Lutgehetmann M, Lindenmeyer MT, Sperhake JP, Wong MN, Allweiss L, et al. Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020.
Hasan Yazici MDAcademic Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey27 May 2020
Better avoid percentages when reporting about 12 autopsies
Wichmann and colleagues give a very informative and thought provoking account of these 12 autopsies. However I must point out their very liberal use of percentages (13 times in the whole manuscript), I am afraid, unfortunately lessens the impact of what they aim to convey.
Ferdinando D’Amico1,2 Silvio Danese1, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet21.IBD center, Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Milan, Italy 2Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France25 May 2020
Pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection: the forgotten colon
Dear Editors,
We read with great interest the article by Wichmann and colleagues recently published in Annals of Internal Medicine (1). Autopsies were performed on 12 patients who died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to further investigate the pathogenesis of this disease. They first confirmed the risks of deep venous thrombosis and ischemic heart disease in individuals infected with COVID-19. Unexpectedly, they also found ischemic enteritis (3/12, 25%) on small bowel biopsies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the lungs of all patients, while in 5 cases viral RNA was found in kidneys, heart, or liver. A growing body of evidence indicates that the colon may be affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is noteworthy that two central proteins involved in the pathogenesis of the new coronavirus infection, serine protease TMPRSS2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, are highly expressed within the colonic mucosa (2). The former regulates spike protein cleavage allowing its activation, while the latter mediates virus entry into the host cell. Interestingly, the virus has been detected in the feces of positive subjects and gastrointestinal symptoms, among which diarrhea, are experienced in about 10% of patients (3). SARS-CoV-2 has been also identified in endoscopic rectal biopsies of two patients with severe forms of COVID-19, and higher levels of fecal calprotectin, which is known to reflect intestinal inflammation, have been found in patients with diarrhea compared to those without diarrhea (4,5).
Unfortunately, no colonic biopsies were performed by Wichmann et al. (1). COVID-19 mainly affects the tracheobronchial tree and lung parenchyma, and respiratory symptoms are the most frequently encountered. It is the reason why most articles about COVID-19 focused on the respiratory tract at the beginning of the pandemic. However, COVID-19 is now recognized as a systemic disease and gastrointestinal symptoms should not be underestimated. Greater attention should be paid to the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon. Studies reporting colonic histology of COVID-19 patients are needed to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease, to define whether ischemic and thromboembolic events may occur in the colon, and to explain why patients with gut involvement may have a more severe disease course.
References
1. Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 6]. Ann Intern Med. 2020;M20-2003. doi:10.7326/M20-2003.
2. Burgueño JF, Reich A, Hazime H, et al. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the Gut of Patients With IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020;26(6):797‐808. doi:10.1093/ibd/izaa085.
3. D'Amico F, Baumgart DC, Danese S, et al. Diarrhea During COVID-19 Infection: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Management [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;S1542-3565(20)30481-X. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.001
4. Lin L, Jiang X, Zhang Z, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms of 95 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gut. 2020;69(6):997‐1001. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321013.
5. Effenberger M, Grabherr F, Mayr L, et al. Faecal calprotectin indicates intestinal inflammation in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 20]. Gut. 2020;gutjnl-2020-321388. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321388.
Disclosures:
F D’Amico declares no conflict of interest. S Danese has served as a speaker, consultant, and advisory board member for Schering-Plough, AbbVie, Actelion, Alphawasserman, AstraZeneca, Cellerix, Cosmo Pharmaceuticals, Ferring, Genentech, Grunenthal, Johnson and Johnson, Millenium Takeda, MSD, Nikkiso Europe GmbH, Novo Nordisk, Nycomed, Pfizer, Pharmacosmos, UCB Pharma and Vifor. L Peyrin-Biroulet has served as a speaker, consultant and advisory board member for Merck, Abbvie, Janssen, Genentech, Mitsubishi, Ferring, Norgine, Tillots, Vifor, Hospira/Pfizer, Celltrion, Takeda, Biogaran, Boerhinger-Ingelheim, Lilly, HAC- Pharma, Index Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Sandoz, For- ward Pharma GmbH, Celgene, Biogen, Lycera, Samsung Bioepis, Theravance.
Dominic WichmannUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care Medicine22 May 2020
Reply to Epelbaum
In his comment Dr. Epelbaum raises concerns that focusing on venous thromboembolism (VTE) or pulmonary embolism (PE) in COVID-19 is misguiding the attention of colleagues to an epiphenomenon. We strongly disagree with him about this issue especially because in our opinion the references he gives, do not backup his statements. Regarding the statement that VTE prophylaxis “remains a global deficiency…” the reference cited a study of Kröger et al. (1) . The main topic of this study was to investigate if patients presenting with VTE/PE in Germany had a risk factor which could have been identified previously. The majority of patients had no medical condition and no identifiable risk factor. Consequently, the algorithm decided against a prophylaxis. Which hardly can be extrapolated to COVID-19 patients. The statement that PE is a common (but rarely fatal) finding in CT of critically ill patients is correct (2) and most likely due to improved CT performance in recent years. Contrasting to this, one third of our patients had a fatal PE. Furthermore Dr. Epelbaum states that we corroborate the consensus statement of Bikdeli et al. to demand general anticoagulation treatment for COVID-19 patients (3). This is not correct, we stress the need for further studies on this subject. The consensus statement focuses in large parts on the effects of COVID-19 associated coagulopathies on anticoagulation strategies for cardio-vascular interventions. A small paragraph cited by Dr. Epelbaum deals with empiric anticoagulation therapy in COVID-19 patients: “The majority of panel members consider prophylactic anticoagulation, although a minority consider intermediate-dose or therapeutic dose to be reasonable.”. The paper was written before our and other studies have been published (4). Because the panel decision was based mainly on a single retrospective study from China in which only laboratory abnormalities have been presented and no autopsies have been conducted (5), our study and the one of Baldi et al. add substantial value to the claim of the consensus statement that for anticoagulation treatment the “optimal dosing in patients with severe COVID-19 remains unknown and warrants further prospective investigation.”
1. Kroger K, Moerchel C, Bus C, Serban M. Venous thromboembolism in Germany: results of the GermAn VTE registry (GATE-registry). Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(12):1467-72.
2. Minet C, Lugosi M, Savoye PY, Menez C, Ruckly S, Bonadona A, et al. Pulmonary embolism in mechanically ventilated patients requiring computed tomography: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(12):3202-8.
3. Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020.
4. Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy. N Engl J Med. 2020.
5. Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020.
Oleg Epelbaum MD FACPNew York Medical College, Valhalla, NY19 May 2020
Venous Thomboembolism in Fatal COVID-19
TO THE EDITOR: The autopsy series from Germany reported by Wichmann et al (1) was a welcome addition to the growing literature on the postmortem lung histology of SARS-CoV-2 lung disease, though unfortunately the finding of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in terminal cases does little to illuminate the process in its earlier stages. Worrisome, however, was the authors’ emphasis on the “venous thromboembolism” aspect of their findings, which appears in the title and dominates the concluding paragraph. If assimilated without context by the clinical community, this extract from the study’s results could further fuel the pervasive but unsubstantiated belief that COVID-19 is a uniquely hypercoagulable state.
Case 1 in the study is a patient who sustained an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and was found to have PE as the likely cause. This is unsurprising, since well before the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, PE has been recognized as the most common non-cardioaortic etiology of unsuccessfully resuscitated community arrests (2). The other three PE cases in the series were managed in the intensive care unit (ICU); all were obese and mechanically ventilated. We are not informed whether these patients received appropriate venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis, which remains a global deficiency from which Germany is not exempt (3). The antemortem detection rate of incidental PE in general ICU populations receiving mechanical ventilation can approach 20% (with obesity being a risk factor) and exceed that figure in autopsy studies, but this finding has not been linked to inferior outcomes clinically and has rarely been deemed a precipitant of death pathologically (4,5). Turning to specifics pertinent to the patients in the Wichmann series, death with DAD is nearly universally accompanied by pulmonary vascular thrombosis, including macrovascular, so thrombi should not be construed as a unique feature of SARS-CoV-2 lung disease when DAD is present (6). Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 hardly stands out next to other viruses in regard to postmortem VTE; a study of eight autopsies performed on fatal H1N1 influenza cases revealed a higher percentage of PE than did the Wichmann series: 5/8 (63%) versus 4/12 (33%) (7).
Although severe COVID-19 promotes hemostatic dysregulation, it is not alone among critical illnesses, and the findings of the Wichmann series do not advance the theory that critically ill COVID-19 patients are unusually predisposed to VTE and therefore merit an unprecedented approach. The authors, however, allude to the opposite. They invoke an international guidance document as corroboration (. Majority of its expert author panel, however, voted against routine empirical anticoagulation.
References
Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2020. [PMID: 32374815] doi: 10.7326/M20-2003.
Virkkunen I, Paasio L, Ryynänen S et al. Pulseless electrical activity and unsuccessful out-of-hospital resuscitation: what is the cause of death? Resuscitation 2008;77:207-10. [PMID: 18249482] doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.12.006.
Kröger K, Moerchel C, Bus C, Serban M. Venous thromboembolism in Germany: results of the GermAn VTE registry (GATE-registry). Int J Clin Pract 2014;68:1467-72 [PMID: 25333964]. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12504.
Minet C, Lugosi M, Savoye PY et al. Pulmonary embolism in mechanically ventilated patients requiring computed tomography: Prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Crit Care Med 2012;40:3202-8. [PMID: 23164766]. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318265e461.
McLeod AG, Geerts W. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in critically ill patients. Crit Care Clin 2011;27:765-80. [PMID: 22082513]. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2011.07.001.
Tomashefski JF Jr, Davies P, Boggis C, Greene R, Zapol WM, Reid LM. The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol 1983;112:112-26. [PMID: 6859225].
Harms PW, Schmidt LA, Smith LB et al. Autopsy findings in eight patients with fatal H1N1 influenza. Am J Clin Pathol 2010;134:27-35. [PMID: 20551263]. doi: 10.1309/AJCP35KOZSAVNQZW.
Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D et al. COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;Apr 15:S0735-1097(20)35008-7. [PMID: 32311448]. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031.
Dominic WichmannUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care Medicine18 May 2020
Reply to Srivastava and Thachil
We appreciate the comments of Srivastava and Thachil in which they give an explanation for the origin of micro vascular thrombemboli (MVT) and discuss if the pulmonary embolisms (PE) observed in 4 of our 12 patients were most likely explained by the severe illness of the patients and the prolonged cause of the disease.We would like to state that to the best of our judgement MVT and PE result from different pathological mechanisms. We observed MVT ubiquitously in all parts of the lung, but in contrast to Srivastava and Thachil we do not consider this as a specific feature of SARC-CoV-2-pneumonia.
We think it is rather a long known finding in viral pneumonias, resulting from the interaction of the innate immunity and a viral pathogen. Identical findings have been first describer in patient during the 1918 Influenza pandemic and for many other viral pathogens later (1).With respect to the comment on the origin of PE in our patients we admit that many of them were severely ill and were at high risk for PE. But half of the patients who died from PE were only mildly ill and had a cardiac arrest as outpatients. Which emphasizes the need for urgent research in this area.
1) Taubenberg JK and Morens DM. The Pathology of Influenza Virus Infections. Annu Rev. 2008. Aug. 11. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316
Dominic WichmannUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Intensive Care Medicine18 May 2020
Reply to Mirijello et al.
We appreciate the thoughtful comments of Antonio Mirijello and colleagues. Indeed, the underlying conditions leading to thromboembolisms in COVID-19 patients are not completely understood. As demonstrated in our manuscript the potential benefit of D-dimer testing was also not clear to us. As a result of this study we have implemented the test into our regular routine for COVID-19-patients.We also value the comment on the uncertainty regarding the clinical implications of our findings. Which patient groups might benefit from an intensified prophylaxis with LMWH or if there are certain “high-risk” groups which might even benefit from a prolonged treatment with oral anticoagulants (DOAC or VKA) remains subject to ongoing studies.
Alok Srivastava, Jecko Thachil,Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.13 May 2020
Autopsy findings in COVID-19 - Is it thrombosis or embolism?
Sir, We read with interest the excellent detailed report on autopsy findings in patients with COVID-19 infection.(1) The authors’ description of the gross and histopathology of changes in the lung emphasizing the thrombosis in microvasculature and haemorrhage in the alveoli is very significant. It would have been useful to include more details about the microthrombi in the arteries particularly whether it was found in all decedents. The presence of extensive microvascular thrombi is highly suggestive of a local thrombotic process.(2)
Even though 7 out of the 12 patients evaluated in this series had evidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), in all probability, this was a late effect in patients who were seriously ill for several days in the hospital. The primary event is very likely to have been pulmonary thrombosis as evidenced by extensive microthrombi in small pulmonary arteries of these decedents. The autopsy features described in this report support the hypothesis that the predominant pathology in these patients with COVID-19 associated hemostasis abnormality (CAHA) is microvascular thrombosis. Even at its early stage in ambulant patients, the breakdown of these micro-clots tend to cause raised d-dimer levels.(3) With disease progression, the marked coagulation activation and extensive microthrombi lead to extremely high d-dimer levels which have been shown to correlate with worse clinical outcomes.(4) It is important to recognize this spectrum of early to late CAHA to plan timely interventions. In this report, d-dimer levels were highly elevated (20-2000 fold) in all five patients for whom this data was available.
Quote:
Therefore it was extensive thrombosis rather than ‘pneumonia’ which was the cause of respiratory failure.
We would like to emphasize that pulmonary vascular changes in CAHA is distinct from classical ‘thromboembolism’. In COVID-19, the cause of thrombi in pulmonary vasculature is not distal thrombosis embolizing to the lung but rather de novo thrombosis in the microvasculature. The fact that alveolar type 2 cells and the endothelium in the lung share receptors which mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection further supports this hypothesis. Recognizing this difference between early, localized, organ-specific pulmonary thrombosis leading to respiratory failure and systemic thromboembolism in the late stages is critical to planning suitable investigations and management strategies. Needless to say, early use of anticoagulants in patients with high or rising d-dimer levels is paramount and have already been shown to improve survival. (5)
References:
1.Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lutgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med (in press) https://doi.org/ 10.7326/M20-2003. . 2020.
2.Thachil J, Srivastava A. SARS-2 Coronavirus–Associated Hemostatic Lung Abnormality in COVID-19: Is It Pulmonary Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism? Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis (in press) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712155. 2020.
3.Thachil J, Cushman M, Srivastava A. A Proposal for Staging COVID‐19 Coagulopathy. Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis (in press) https://doi.org/10.1002/rth2.12372. 2020.
4.Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7.5.Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9.
Antonio Mirijello, MD; Elvira Grandone, MD; Salvatore De Cosmo, MDDepartment of Medical Sciences and Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy13 May 2020
Comment on Wichmann D et al.: Thrombotic complications of COVID-19
TO THE EDITOR:
We read with great interest the article by Wichmann and colleagues [1] examining twelve consecutive
patients deceased because of Sars-Cov-2 infection. Autoptic studies are pivotal in understanding
mechanisms of new and unknown diseases, particularly for COVID-19.
The main finding was the high prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in seven patients (58%), being
pulmonary embolism (PE) the direct cause of death in four patients (33%) [1].
In line with literature reports [2], all the evaluated patients were affected by chronic comorbidities (e.g.
cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, neurological, oncological).
Among the seven patients with DVT [1], four underwent mechanical ventilation: all developed venous
thromboembolism (VTE) and three died of PE. Only two out of seven DVT patients had received prophylaxis
for VTE with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). However, this treatment was not effective in
preventing VTE, as both died because of PE. D-dimer for both were not available. Indeed, D-dimer levels
had been assessed in only five out of twelve patients; excluding two out of hospital deaths, only five out of
ten patients (50%) had a D-dimer assay in their clinical records. No autoptic signs of VTE were found in
those two patients on treatment with direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
These are our considerations: COVID-19 patients are heterogeneous in terms of characteristics and clinical
management (ICU vs general wards). As underlined [1], COVID-19 is associated with thrombotic
manifestations and coagulopathy, negatively influencing the disease course [3]. Besides VTE, the
mechanism of pulmonary vascular thrombosis has been hypothesized as a consequence of interstitial
pneumonia causing a severe acute inflammation and prothrombotic complement/cytokines-mediated
endothelial dysfunction [4]. In this context, anticoagulant treatment seems to reduce mortality in severe
patients with coagulopathy (e.g. high D-dimer) [5].
Thrombotic risk of acute medical patients is often underestimated given the lack of clinical signs of
thrombosis (e.g. swollen leg, Homan’s sign). However, acute conditions (i.e. respiratory failure) together
with comorbidities significantly raise this risk. In the setting of COVID-19, validated prediction scores and D-
dimer testing are useful to assess thrombotic risk and for risk stratification.
Whether all COVID-19 patients should receive standard or intermediate-doses LMWH prophylaxis for the
prevention of thrombotic complications remains an open question. Similarly, the utility of lower limbs
compression ultrasonography or pulmonary CT angiography to high-risk patients as well as the role of
DOACs need further evaluation.
REFERENCES
Wichmann D, Sperhake JP, Lütgehetmann M, et al. Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in
Patients With COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 6. doi: 10.7326/M20-
2003.
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med.
2020 Apr 30;382(1:1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
Violi F, Pastori D, Cangemi R, Pignatelli P, Loffredo L. Hypercoagulation and Antithrombotic Treatment
in Coronavirus 2019: A New Challenge. Thromb Haemost. 2020 Apr 29. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710317.
Marongiu F, Grandone E, Barcellona D. Pulmonary thrombosis in 2019-nCoV pneumonia? J Thromb
Haemost. 2020 Apr 15. doi: 10.1111/jth.14818.
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased
mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020
May;18(5):1094-1099. doi: 10.1111/jth.14817.
Disclosures:
By Sophie Tanno For Mailonline
01:56, 04 Jun 2020 , updated 09:14, 04 Jun 2020
Ex-MI6 chief Sir Richard Dearlove said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made
He cited an 'important' report which claims virus was manufactured in a lab
Believes China could be forced to pay 'reparations' to the rest of the world
Here’s how to help people impacted by Covid-19
The former chief of MI6 has claimed that the coronavirus escaped from a lab in China by accident.
Sir Richard Dearlove, who was head of the MI6, a role known informally as 'C', from 1999 until 2004, said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made.
He cited an 'important' report from Professor Angus Dalgleish of St George's Hospital, University of London and Norwegian virologist Birger Sorensen which claims the virus was manufactured in a laboratory.
In the report, scientists claimed to have identified 'inserted sections placed on the Sars-CoV-2 Spike surface' which the virus uses to attach onto cells and observed they were 'significantly different from any Sars we have studied'.
Sir Richard Dearlove (pictured), who was head of the MI6, a role known informally as 'C', from 1999 until 2004, said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made
He cited an 'important' report from Professor Angus Dalgleish of St George's Hospital, University of London and Norwegian virologist Birger Sorensen which claims the virus was manufactured in a laboratory. Above, researchers in a lab at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in central China's Hubei province
The Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in China's central Hubei province pictured above +7
The Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in China's central Hubei province pictured above
Sir Richard added that the report's findings could force China to pay 'reparations' to the rest of the world due to the damage wrought by the virus.
'I do not think that this started as an accident,' Sir Richard told The Telegraph's Planet Normal podcast.
'It raises the issue, if China ever were to admit responsibility, does it pay reparations?
'I think it will make every country in the world rethink how it treats its relationship with China.'
Bat soup (pictured) is a delicacy in China. A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat +7
Bat soup (pictured) is a delicacy in China. A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat
The research claimed that current efforts to find a vaccine would prove unsuccessful as scientists have so far misunderstood the true properties of Covid-19.
Sir Richard suggested that the scientists at a laboratory in Wuhan could have secretly been carrying out experiments on bat coronaviruses when Covid-19 somehow accidentally escaped through a lapse in biosecurity.
According to the former MI6 chief, the paper had been rewritten several times, and an earlier version apparently claimed coronavirus could accurately be called the 'Wuhan virus'.
The Wuhan Institute of Virology (pictured) is a biosecurity level four laboratory which researched bat coronaviruses not far from the wet market +7
The Wuhan Institute of Virology (pictured) is a biosecurity level four laboratory which researched bat coronaviruses not far from the wet market
An earlier version of the report, seen by the Telegraph, reportedly claimed 'beyond all reasonable doubt that the Covid-19 virus is engineered.'
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A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat.
The wet market is located not far from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, the only level four biosecurity laboratory lab in China.
Yet late last month a Chinese official admitted no viruses were detected in animal samples.
‘At first, we assumed the seafood market might have the virus, but now the market is more like a victim,’ said Gao Fu, director of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. _________________ --
'Suppression of truth, human spirit and the holy chord of justice never works long-term. Something the suppressors never get.' David Southwell
http://aangirfan.blogspot.com http://aanirfan.blogspot.com
Martin Van Creveld: Let me quote General Moshe Dayan: "Israel must be like a mad dog, too dangerous to bother."
Martin Van Creveld: I'll quote Henry Kissinger: "In campaigns like this the antiterror forces lose, because they don't win, and the rebels win by not losing."
You know Ian Haydon from many appearances on CNN and other networks celebrating his heroic act of volunteering to test Moderna’s experimental COVID vaccine. The sun has now set on Haydon’s television career. He is no longer useful to the Pharmedia narratives that all vaccines are always safe for all people, that Moderna’s business partners, Tony Fauci and Bill Gates, were justified in skipping animal studies and that Moderna’s vaccine will soon rescue us from the Pandemic. Ian Haydon is now an embarrassment to Fauci, Gates, and their CNN cheerleaders. He will therefore vanish into the censorship twilight.
Moderna chose Haydon for the study because of his robust good health. He was among the 15 volunteers in the high dose group. Within 45 days, three of these—a shocking 20%—experienced “serious” adverse events according to Moderna’s press release meaning they required hospitalization or medical intervention. Less than 12 hours after vaccination, Hayden suffered muscle aches, vomiting, spiked a 103.2 degree fever and lost consciousness. His girlfriend caught him as he fell. His Moderna trial supervisor instructed Haydon to call 911 and described him as being the “sickest in his life”. Moderna let Haydon believe the illness was just a sad coincidence unrelated to the jab. Moderna never told Haydon he was suffering an Adverse Event.
“Moderna’s press release was the first I learned of the 3 AEs in the high dose group.” Haydon confessed last week on Twitter. “Later a study doc confirmed that what happened to me was an AE.” While hiding this truth, Moderna encouraged Haydon to appear on TV to deceive the public and its shareholders by declaring Moderna’s COVID vaccine trials a smashing success. On May 7, Haydon told Sanjay Gupta about his reactions in a pre-interview. The two men agreed to keep this bad news secret when he went on air. This corrupt deal bespeaks the pathetic state of journalism at CNN.
By Bill Gardner - 03 June 2020 • 9:17pm
Beijing faces growing pressure to explain precisely how coronavirus first began to spread late last year
A former head of MI6 has said he believes the coronavirus pandemic "started as an accident" when the virus escaped from a laboratory in China.
In an interview with The Telegraph, Sir Richard Dearlove said he had seen an "important" new scientific report suggesting the virus did not emerge naturally but was man-made by Chinese scientists.
The apparent discovery will raise the prospect of China paying "reparations" for the death and economic catastrophe wreaked upon the world, the former intelligence chief said. It comes as Beijing faces growing pressure to explain precisely how coronavirus first began to spread late last year.
International scientists have reached a near-unanimous consensus, however, that the virus emerged in animals – most likely bats or pangolins – before jumping to the human population....
Next, we explained why, unlike in conventional vaccine design procedures, the choice of adjuvant is not to be seen
as an afterthought but as integral from the beginning. We have deliberately chosen an adjuvant which has been
shown to activate the innate and cell-mediated immune responses which are crucial to the successful presentation of
the relevant epitopes. We have shown how Biovacc-19 has employed our understanding of the general method of
action for infectivity and pathogenicity of the target virus to optimise action and to minimise risk, especially Antibody
Dependent Enhancement; and we have presented the Non Human-Like epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike from
which Biovacc-19 has been down-selected.
Oslo and London
28 May 2020
By Sophie Tanno For Mailonline
01:56, 04 Jun 2020 , updated 09:14, 04 Jun 2020
Ex-MI6 chief Sir Richard Dearlove said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made
He cited an 'important' report which claims virus was manufactured in a lab
Believes China could be forced to pay 'reparations' to the rest of the world
Here’s how to help people impacted by Covid-19
The former chief of MI6 has claimed that the coronavirus escaped from a lab in China by accident.
Sir Richard Dearlove, who was head of the MI6, a role known informally as 'C', from 1999 until 2004, said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made.
He cited an 'important' report from Professor Angus Dalgleish of St George's Hospital, University of London and Norwegian virologist Birger Sorensen which claims the virus was manufactured in a laboratory.
In the report, scientists claimed to have identified 'inserted sections placed on the Sars-CoV-2 Spike surface' which the virus uses to attach onto cells and observed they were 'significantly different from any Sars we have studied'.
Sir Richard Dearlove (pictured), who was head of the MI6, a role known informally as 'C', from 1999 until 2004, said he believes that Covid-19 is man-made
He cited an 'important' report from Professor Angus Dalgleish of St George's Hospital, University of London and Norwegian virologist Birger Sorensen which claims the virus was manufactured in a laboratory. Above, researchers in a lab at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in central China's Hubei province
The Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in China's central Hubei province pictured above +7
The Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan in China's central Hubei province pictured above
Sir Richard added that the report's findings could force China to pay 'reparations' to the rest of the world due to the damage wrought by the virus.
'I do not think that this started as an accident,' Sir Richard told The Telegraph's Planet Normal podcast.
'It raises the issue, if China ever were to admit responsibility, does it pay reparations?
'I think it will make every country in the world rethink how it treats its relationship with China.'
Bat soup (pictured) is a delicacy in China. A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat +7
Bat soup (pictured) is a delicacy in China. A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat
The research claimed that current efforts to find a vaccine would prove unsuccessful as scientists have so far misunderstood the true properties of Covid-19.
Sir Richard suggested that the scientists at a laboratory in Wuhan could have secretly been carrying out experiments on bat coronaviruses when Covid-19 somehow accidentally escaped through a lapse in biosecurity.
According to the former MI6 chief, the paper had been rewritten several times, and an earlier version apparently claimed coronavirus could accurately be called the 'Wuhan virus'.
The Wuhan Institute of Virology (pictured) is a biosecurity level four laboratory which researched bat coronaviruses not far from the wet market +7
The Wuhan Institute of Virology (pictured) is a biosecurity level four laboratory which researched bat coronaviruses not far from the wet market
An earlier version of the report, seen by the Telegraph, reportedly claimed 'beyond all reasonable doubt that the Covid-19 virus is engineered.'
RELATED ARTICLES
WHO publicly praised China's handling of coronavirus in a bid to coax more information out of Beijing - but were left in the dark and just as frustrated as the rest of the world, report says
Beijing now admits that coronavirus DIDN'T start in Wuhan's market... so where DID it come from, asks IAN BIRRELL
A previous investigation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) found that the virus jumped from bats to humans at the Wuhan wet market where wild animals are kept in cages and slaughtered for meat.
The wet market is located not far from the Wuhan Institute of Virology, the only level four biosecurity laboratory lab in China.
Yet late last month a Chinese official admitted no viruses were detected in animal samples.
‘At first, we assumed the seafood market might have the virus, but now the market is more like a victim,’ said Gao Fu, director of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.
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A message from Oval Media, producers of Trust WHO:
A few days ago, Vimeo deleted “trustWHO”, directed by Lilian Franck, from their platform, stating that they do not support “Videos that depict or encourage self-harm, falsely claim that mass tragedies are hoaxes, or perpetuate false or misleading claims about vaccine safety.”
This claim about our documentary is both misleading and false. “trustWHO” has been thoroughly researched for 7 years; it has been fact-checked and approved by lawyers, experts in the medical field and even by key executives of the WHO itself.
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This is our full statement on the matter, presented by Robert Cibis (Filmmaker, Co-author and producer of “trustWHO”).
By Bill Gardner - 03 June 2020 • 9:17pm
Beijing faces growing pressure to explain precisely how coronavirus first began to spread late last year
A former head of MI6 has said he believes the coronavirus pandemic "started as an accident" when the virus escaped from a laboratory in China.
In an interview with The Telegraph, Sir Richard Dearlove said he had seen an "important" new scientific report suggesting the virus did not emerge naturally but was man-made by Chinese scientists.
The apparent discovery will raise the prospect of China paying "reparations" for the death and economic catastrophe wreaked upon the world, the former intelligence chief said. It comes as Beijing faces growing pressure to explain precisely how coronavirus first began to spread late last year.
International scientists have reached a near-unanimous consensus, however, that the virus emerged in animals – most likely bats or pangolins – before jumping to the human population....
In Allison Pearson and Liam Halligan's second trip to Planet Normal, former Head of MI6 Sir Richard Dearlove tells Allison why he believes the coronavirus started as an accident after it escaped from a Chinese lab, how organised intelligence activities at British universities aren't merely the stuff of spy novels and why he's ticked off with George Osborne.
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Though beforehand, he acknowledged that the paper' conclusions are "bat *" wild and need to be scrutinized by the scientific community immediately.
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23. Apparently I’m not alone thinking this paper’s conclusion is “bat-*” wild (pardon the pun). We need to replicate this study now before the world goes mad. Let’s all pause and hold our breath please 😷. https://t.co/Vrjcn9FCm7https://t.co/wHJIcXZ4PA
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
The situation is fluid. Who knows what researchers will discover next?
* * *
Over the past few days, the mainstream press has vigorously pushed back against a theory about the origins of the coronavirus that has now infected as many as 70,000+ people in Wuhan alone (depending on whom you believe). The theory is that China obtained the coronavirus via a Canadian research program, and started molding it into a bioweapon at the Institute of Virology in Wuhan. Politifact pointed the finger at Zero Hedge, in particular, though the story was widely shared across independent-leaning media.
The theory is that the virus, which was developed by infectious disease experts may have originated in the Wuhan-based lab of Dr. Peng Zhou, China's preeminent researcher of bat immune systems, specifically in how their immune systems adapt to the presence of viruses like coronavirus and other destructive viruses. Somehow, the virus escaped from the lab, and the Hunan fish market where the virus supposedly originated is merely a ruse.
Now, a respected epidemiologist who recently caught flack for claiming in a twitter threat that the virus appeared to be much more contagious than initially believed is pointing out irregularities in the virus's genome that suggests it might have been genetically engineered for the purposes of a weapon, and not just any weapon but the deadliest one of all.
In "Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag", Indian researchers are baffled by segments of the virus's RNA that have no relation to other coronaviruses like SARS, and instead appear to be closer to HIV. The virus even responds to treatment by HIV medications.
For those pressed for time, here are the key findings from the paper, which first focuses on the unique nature of 2019-nCoV, and then observe four amino acid sequences in the Wuhan Coronavirus which are homologous to amino acid sequences in HIV1:
Our phylogentic tree of full-length coronaviruses suggests that 2019-nCoV is closely related to SARS CoV [Fig1].
In addition, other recent studies have linked the 2019-nCoV to SARS CoV. We therefore compared the spike glycoprotein sequences of the 2019-nCoV to that of the SARS CoV (NCBI Accession number: AY390556.1). On careful examination of the sequence alignment we found that the 2019- nCoV spike glycoprotein contains 4 insertions [Fig.2]. To further investigate if these inserts are present in any other corona virus, we performed a multiple sequence alignment of the spike glycoprotein amino acid sequences of all available coronaviruses (n=55) [refer Table S.File1] in NCBI refseq (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) this includes one sequence of 2019-nCoV[Fig.S1]. We found that these 4 insertions [inserts 1, 2, 3 and 4] are unique to 2019-nCoV and are not present in other coronaviruses analyzed. Another group from China had documented three insertions comparing fewer spike glycoprotein sequences of coronaviruses . Another group from China had documented three insertions comparing fewer spike glycoprotein sequences of coronaviruses (Zhou et al., 2020).
We then translated the aligned genome and found that these inserts are present in all Wuhan 2019-nCoV viruses except the 2019-nCoV virus of Bat as a host [Fig.S4]. Intrigued by the 4 highly conserved inserts unique to 2019-nCoV we wanted to understand their origin. For this purpose, we used the 2019-nCoV local alignment with each insert as query against all virus genomes and considered hits with 100% sequence coverage. Surprisingly, each of the four inserts aligned with short segments of the Human immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) proteins. The amino acid positions of the inserts in 2019-nCoV and the corresponding residues in HIV-1 gp120 and HIV-1 Gag are shown in Table 1.
The first 3 inserts (insert 1,2 and 3) aligned to short segments of amino acid residues in HIV-1 gp120. The insert 4 aligned to HIV-1 Gag. The insert 1 (6 amino acid residues) and insert 2 (6 amino acid residues) in the spike glycoprotein of 2019-nCoV are 100% identical to the residues mapped to HIV-1 gp120. The insert 3 (12 amino acid residues) in 2019- nCoV maps to HIV-1 gp120 with gaps [see Table 1]. The insert 4 (8 amino acid residues) maps to HIV-1 Gag with gaps.
Why do the authors think the virus may be man-made? Because when looking at the above insertions which are not present in any of the closest coronavirus families, "it is quite unlikely for a virus to have acquired such unique insertions naturally in a short duration of time." Instead, they can be found in cell identification and membrane binding proteins located in the HIV genome.
Since the S protein of 2019-nCoV shares closest ancestry with SARS GZ02, the sequence coding for spike proteins of these two viruses were compared using MultiAlin software. We found four new insertions in the protein of 2019-nCoV- “GTNGTKR” (IS1), “HKNNKS” (IS2), “GDSSSG” (IS3) and “QTNSPRRA” (IS4) (Figure 2). To our surprise, these sequence insertions were not only absent in S protein of SARS but were also not observed in any other member of the Coronaviridae family (Supplementary figure). This is startling as it is quite unlikely for a virus to have acquired such unique insertions naturally in a short duration of time.
The insertions were observed to be present in all the genomic sequences of 2019-nCoV virus available from the recent clinical isolates. To know the source of these insertions in 2019-nCoV a local alignment was done with BLASTp using these insertions as query with all virus genome. Unexpectedly, all the insertions got aligned with Human immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1). Further analysis revealed that aligned sequences of HIV-1 with 2019-nCoV were derived from surface glycoprotein gp120 (amino acid sequence positions: 404-409, 462-467, 136-150) and from Gag protein (366-384 amino acid) (Table 1). Gag protein of HIV is involved in host membrane binding, packaging of the virus and for the formation of virus-like particles. Gp120 plays crucial role in recognizing the host cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4.This binding induces structural rearrangements in GP120, creating a high affinity binding site for a chemokine co-receptor like CXCR4 and/or CCR5.
And some visuals, which lead the paper authors to conclude that "this structural change might have also increased the range of host cells that 2019-nCoV can infect":
3D modelling of the protein structure displayed that these insertions are present at the binding site of 2019-nCoV. Due to the presence of gp120 motifs in 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein at its binding domain, we propose that these motif insertions could have provided an enhanced affinity towards host cell receptors. Further, this structural change might have also increased the range of host cells that 2019-nCoV can infect. To the best of our knowledge, the function of these motifs is still not clear in HIV and need to be explored. The exchange of genetic material among the viruses is well known and such critical exchange highlights the risk and the need to investigate the relations between seemingly unrelated virus families.
A good recap of the findings was provided by Dr. Feigl-Ding, who started his explanatory thread by pointing out that the transmission rate outside China has surpassed the rate inside China.
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2) Whoa- the rate of increase ***outside of China*** is steeper than inside of China or Wuhan! Figure 1A. From: @TheLancet “Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of 2019-nCoV http://bit.ly/2GF6gZP ”)
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· Jan 31, 2020
Replying to @DrEricDing
2) Whoa- the rate of increase ***outside of China*** is steeper than inside of China or Wuhan! Figure 1A. From: @TheLancet “Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of 2019-nCoV http://bit.ly/2GF6gZP ”)
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Eric Feigl-Ding
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@DrEricDing
3) “An estimated 75815 individuals have been infected in Wuhan” —> this is substantially higher than current reports or ~10k reports by China 🇨🇳 media. (75k estimate from above Lancet article)
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Replying to @DrEricDing
4) ...”On the present trajectory, 2019-nCoV could be about to become a global epidemic in the absence of mitigation...substantial, even draconian measures that limit population mobility should be seriously and immediately considered in affected areas...” 🤢
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But the 'smoking gun' in this case are pieces of the virus's genetic code that Indian researchers, led by Prashant Pradhan at the Indian Institute of Technology, found may have been 'embedded' from HIV, which belongs to an entirely different family of viruses.
16. UPDATE ON 🦠 GENOME 🧬: a very intriguing new paper investigating the aforementioned mystery middle segment w/ “S” spike protein: likely origin from HIV. “Uncanny similarity of unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag” from https://t.co/QAX3usr7vw pic.twitter.com/WeVA948xin
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
17. ...WHOA- the authors said the finding was “Unexpectedly” related to genes from HIV virus. Notably there were 4 gene insertions (see figure in above post #16). And so, which HIV gene proteins were found in the new #coronarvirus? Gag protein and Gp120- key HIV proteins... pic.twitter.com/epN66WcObj
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
18. Notably, in 🦠S 🧬, authors say for HIV🧬insertions: “Gag protein of HIV is involved in host membrane binding, packaging of the virus and for the formation of virus-like particles. Gp120 plays crucial role in recognizing the host cell by binding to the primary receptor CD4”
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
19. Again, these are new express published findings and not peer reviewed yet. Let’s not draw conclusions yet. But evidence suggest that 2 different HIV genes 🧬 are present in the #coronarvirus S gene region (that didn’t map to any other coronavirus, according to other studies).
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
20. Further the authors add that “This indicates that these insertions have been preferably acquired by the 2019-nCoV, providing it with additional survival and infectivity advantage. Delving deeper we found that these insertions were similar to HIV-1.” 🤔
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
21. Paper piles on: “these 🧬insertions are present at binding site of 2019-nCoV. Due to presence of gp120 motifs in 2019-nCoV spike glycoprotein at its binding domain, we propose that these motif insertions could have provided an enhanced affinity towards host cell receptors.”🤒
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
22. The authors dunked this final conclusion: “This uncanny similarity of novel inserts in the 2019- nCoV spike protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag is unlikely to be fortuitous”. Wow, they sure just went straight there! 😱 What a bold paper... I don’t know what to say 🤷🏻♂️ pic.twitter.com/KWcDdknMO4
— Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) January 31, 2020
The punchline:
Eric Feigl-Ding
✔
@DrEricDing
Replying to @DrEricDing
9. BOTTOMLINE: 1) Seafood market not the source. 2) This RNA #coronavirus mutates really fast. 3) 🧬 has unusual middle segment never seen before in any coronavirus. 4) Not from recent mixing. 5) That mystery middle segment encodes protein responsible for entry into host cells.
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To be sure, Dr. Feigl-Ding insists that he's not trying to promote any 'conspiracies' about the virus being a bioweapon developed by the Chinese, although it is difficult to find a proper name for what appears to be an artificial, weaponized virus.
Eric Feigl-Ding
✔
@DrEricDing
Replying to @DrEricDing
10. TO BE CLEAR: I am absolutely not saying it’s bioengineering, nor am I supporting any conspiracy theories with no evidence. I’m simply saying scientists need to do more research + get more data. And finding the origin of the virus is an important research priority. Goodnight😴
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Another doctor chimed in with what he thought was a solid explanation for the virus's irregularities...
MRV
@MRVChennai
I guess Corona virus is some bio synthetic weaponry that has exploded. In the alternative it is a mutant form of a deadly virus. Any one in the know can explain.
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Anand Ranganathan
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Replying to @fondoflinux
Sure. 2019-nCoV is a +ve strand RNA virus that enters human cell and first encodes its RNA-replicase to make -ve stranded RNA that serves a template to make +ve strand RNA that is then translated for daughter nCoV. Drugs Lopinavir and Remdesivir target its protease and replicase.
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...Until he realized something disturbing.
Oh my god. Indian scientists have just found HIV (AIDS) virus-like insertions in the 2019-nCov virus that are not found in any other coronavirus. They hint at the possibility that this Chinese virus was designed ["not fortuitous']. Scary if true. https://t.co/h6xPX1gYvj pic.twitter.com/kCpd1I00uE
Germany’s federal government and mainstream media are engaged in damage control after a report that challenges the established Corona narrative leaked from the interior ministry.
Some of the report key passages are:
The dangerousness of Covid-19 was overestimated: probably at no point did the danger posed by the new virus go beyond the normal level.
The people who die from Corona are essentially those who would statistically die this year, because they have reached the end of their lives and their weakened bodies can no longer cope with any random everyday stress (including the approximately 150 viruses currently in circulation).
Worldwide, within a quarter of a year, there has been no more than 250,000 deaths from Covid-19, compared to 1.5 million deaths [25,100 in Germany] during the influenza wave 2017/18.
The danger is obviously no greater than that of many other viruses. There is no evidence that this was more than a false alarm.
A reproach could go along these lines: During the Corona crisis the State has proved itself as one of the biggest producers of Fake News.
So far, so bad. But it gets worse.
The report focuses on the “manifold and heavy consequences of the Corona measures” and warns that these are “grave”.
More people are dying because of state-imposed Corona-measures than they are being killed by the virus.
The reason is a scandal in the making:
A Corona-focused German healthcare system is postponing life-saving surgery and delaying or reducing treatment for non-Corona patients.
Berlin in Denial Mode. The scientists fight back.
Initially, the government tried to dismiss the report as “the work of one employee”, and its contents as “his own opinion” – while the journalists closed ranks, no questions asked, with the politicians.
But the 93-pages report titled “Analysis of the Crisis Management” has been drafted by a scientific panel appointed by the interior ministry and composed by external medical experts from several German universities.
The report was the initiative of a department of the interior ministry called Unit KM4 and in charge with the “Protection of critical infrastructures”.
This is also where the German official turned whistleblower, Stephen Kohn, work(ed), and from where he leaked it to the media.
The authors of the report issued a joint press release already on Mai 11th, berating the government for ignoring expert advise, and asking for the interior minister to officially comment upon the experts joint statement:
“Therapeutic and preventive measures should never bring more harm than the illness itself. Their aim should be to protect the risk groups, without endegearing the availibilty of medical care and the health of the whole population, as it is unfortunately occurring”
“We in the scientific and medical praxis are experiencing the secondary damages of the Corona-measures on our patients on a dialy basis.”
“We therefore ask the Federal Ministry of the Interior, to comment upon our press release, and we hope for a pertinent discussion regarding the [Corona] measures, one that leads to the best possible solution for the whole population”
At the time of writing, the German government had yet to react.
But the facts are – sadly – vindicating the medical experts’ worries.
On Mai 23 the German newspaper Das Bild titled: “Dramatic consequences of the Corona-Measures: 52,000 Cancer Ops delayed.”
Inside, a aeading medical doctor warns that “we will feel the side-effects of the Corona crisis for years”.
Shooting the Whistleblower. Ignoring the Message.
As Der Spiegel reported on Mai 15th: “Stephen Kohn [the whistleblower] has since been suspended from duty. He was advised to obtain a lawyer and his work laptop was confiscated.”
Kohn had originally leaked the report on May 9th to the liberal-conservative magazine Tichys Einblick one of Germany’s most popular alternative media outlets.
News of the report went mainstream in Germany during the second week of Mai – but already in the third week media and politicians alike stopped discussing the issue by refusing to comment upon it.
Emblematic was the approach taken by Günter Krings, the representative for Interior Minister Horst Seehofer – the whistleblower’s boss:
Asked it he would treat the document seriously, Krings replied:
“If you start analyzing papers like that, then pretty soon you’ll be inviting the guys with the tin foil hats to parliamentary hearings.”
Men in tin foil hats – Aluhut in German – is a term used to describe people who believe in conspiracy theories.
Indeed one article by Der Spiegel adressing the Corona protest movement and the consequences of the leaked report contained the word “conspiracy” no fewer than 17 times!
And no discussions of the issues raised by the report itself.
Outside Germany the news has virtually gone unreported.
The Protest Movement – or “Corona-Rebellen”.
Germans begun demonstrating against Lockdowns as early as April.
And thousands of citizens keep showing up at demos every week-end, even as the government is easing the restrictions.
The demos are not merely against restrictions, which have actually been comparatively mild compared to many other Western countries.
The demos question the entire Corona Narrative, and even more its principals, especially the role Bill Gates is playing, as the WHO second biggest donor (the first one since Trump suspended U.S. contribution).
Indeed the biggest such demos took place in Stuttgart on May 9th, where tens of thousands people assempled to say no – to the NWO.
Germans are saying no to any orwellian solution the government might one day impose out of a questionable “emergency status”, from mass surveillance Apps to mandatory vaccinations.
The leaked report has proved their fears to be well founded.
At least as far as the fake nature of the “Corona pandemic” is concerned.
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About the Author................................................................ ...................................................................... ..50
Introduction
I am not happy to have written this. I wish, truly wish, that the WHO was a shining beacon of health practices and humankind coming together to support each other. Alas, that is not what I find when I look at the data.
Many people choose to stick their head in the sand about such issues. I get that. It’s not fun to look at. It is tremendously disruptive to a calm, consensus worldview.
Yet, I look for the truth…wherever it leads me.
In my health journey, I saw 70 year old’s in amazing health as an ideal worth emulating. I found that simple things like changes to diet, elimination of environmental toxins, various lifestyle practices were all that was needed to cure many diseases. There were plenty of people that were bucking the standard medical system and were so much healthier for it.
Personally, I would have been fine to go down this road myself. To continue building my businesses and teaching others who wanted to be taught.
But they went too far. They started taking away rights. They made mandates on what I knew to NOT be in my own best interest for health. For me and my family. I knew I had to start to fight against this.
Furthermore, they began to censor anyone who spoke up against this in subtle ways. With that happening, I knew I had to fight NOW before it was too late.
So I started writing. I revealed the corruption hiding in plain sight. I named names. I wouldn’t pull my punches any longer.
Contrary to the public perception, the WHO and related organizations do not want us to be healthy, sovereign individuals. But I do. And I will fight for it.
What follows is about 40 hours of research. While fairly comprehensive, it certainly doesn’t cover everything but will give you an overall glimpse into the WHO and how they operate.
This is extensively referenced. I am not asking you to take my word for it. Perhaps that is why I quote people so much! Dig in yourself and verify these things. If I am wrong, if you can refute anything you see here, I would love to hear it. You can reach me directly at logan@legendarystrength.com.
But I think if you do look, you’ll find everything I say is backed up.
The WHO is held up as the worldwide authority on health. Based on their track record, they should not be. They’re not my authority. I do not consent.
If you agree with me and find this useful, please share this report freely. Send it to the people you’ve been talking to. Post it online. Do anything with it you choose, as long as you keep it intact. You can link to it at http://loganchristopher.com/who
And there is much more. I am writing regularly on all things related to this Pandemic going on right now. My main focus is health, but I’m talking about economics, government and more too.
When Christina Lamb fell ill in early January, she thought it was a bad flu. Now, like thousands of others who suffered mystery illnesses, she suspects the coronavirus arrived here long ago
My phone kept buzzing and I knew something had happened. Groggily, I turned on the Today programme. General Qassem Soleimani, commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, had been assassinated on the orders of Donald Trump.
This was a huge story and I had long been fascinated by Soleimani, but I could hardly move. In between coughing, I eventually looked at my phone and saw increasingly urgent messages from my editors. For the first time in my working life, I asked my husband to answer and slipped back under the covers.
It was a bit odd because I am one of those annoying people who never get ill, which is useful for a foreign correspondent. Yet here I was at my GP, pathetically moaning: “I’ve never felt so tired in my life.” When I dragged myself to the local Waitrose I had to sit down and rest.
When I got worse, I returned to the GP and had a blood test. She called me back the next day. An extremely high count of white cells suggested that my body was fighting something nasty — “strange pneumonia”, she said. I was prescribed antibiotics that looked like horse pills.
That was in early January, when I had never heard of Covid-19 and China had just informed the World Health Organisation of some pneumonia-like cases admitted to hospital in the city of Wuhan. Since then, as the pandemic has swept the world, infecting about 6.8 million people in 188 countries and killing almost 400,000, I have wondered.
Let us be honest. Do you, or someone close, think you might have had it? That annoying cough that lingered over Christmas. The strange lethargy clouding new year. The breathlessness. The headache, occasional fever, feeling of light-headedness. Weirdest of all, the loss of smell.
“Thousands of people have emailed me with classic Covid symptoms from late December and January,” said Professor Tim Spector, a leading epidemiologist at King’s College London, who runs the Covid-19 Symptom Study app to which 3.8 million people have signed up.
“Either there was another virus behaving in a similar way which has since disappeared or these were early cases.”
If so, why was it not reflected in a spike in hospital admissions or deaths? “That’s the medical mystery,” said Spector.
There were, he said, possible explanations. “People who got it were young and healthy and didn’t transfer it to the elderly, obese and so on. Many of those early cases were skiers coming back from holidays. Or the virus was in some way different and didn’t have that final stage which attacks the immune system.
Sebastian Funk, head of mathematical modelling of infectious diseases at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, agreed. “It’s mostly a mild disease so may well have been spreading long before we identified the first cases. Just because no one died doesn’t mean it wasn’t coronavirus.”
Officially, the first case involving a Briton was Steve Walsh, 53, a businessman from Hove, who attended a conference at the Grand Hyatt in Singapore in January then flew to the French Alps, where he spent four days in a ski chalet. Several people at the conference came down with the virus and Walsh infected five other Britons at the chalet before flying back to Gatwick. On February 6 he was diagnosed and transferred to Guy’s Hospital in London.
It now seems likely that Walsh was not the UK’s “patient zero”. A month earlier, Susannah Ford, 53, director of the Forward Arts Foundation, which promotes poetry, had fallen ill after flying back from a skiing holiday in Austria.
The mother of two, from west London, became ill on January 6, two days after her return from a new year trip. “I felt like death,” she said.
“I ached terribly in every muscle and joint for five days and was too groggy even to go to the Eliot prize for poetry.”
Ford had spent a week in the resort of Obergurgl, near the Italian border, with her husband and two teenage daughters, flying back into Gatwick on January 4.
She was the only one in the family who fell ill and assumed it was something she had picked up on an earlier trip to Trinidad.
“There had been lots of bitey things so I went to the doctor and asked for a blood test for dengue fever and leishmaniasis or anything else I might have got. They told me I had a vitamin D deficiency,” she said.
Weeks later, as she started seeing reports of the coronavirus, she began to wonder: “I didn’t have the cough or fever but then as other symptoms were added it seemed the same.”
Many of the early cases in Europe were those returning from skiing in Austria.
Now Austrian prosecutors have opened a criminal investigation into allegations that a suspected infection in the Tyrolean resort of Ischgl was covered up, allowing Covid-19 to spread across Europe undetected.
Obergurgl is also in the Tyrol although nearly 100 miles away and very different from Ischgl, which is known as the “Ibiza of the Alps” for its rowdy après-ski clubs. “Ours was such a boring new year,” said Ford.
“We didn’t go to any clubs or discos, we ate in the hotel every night and were then safely tucked up in bed. But I guess when you are skiing you touch lots of things — ski poles, lift buttons . . .”
Last week Ford paid for a test that shows whether the patient’s blood contains the antibodies that form when a person successfully fights off the disease. It came back positive, confirming that she had had Covid-19, although not when.
“I’m convinced it’s when I was ill in January,” she said. “I can’t prove it was then but I haven’t been ill since or come into contact with people with it.”
The question of whether the coronavirus arrived in Britain in early January raises important questions, said Angus Dalgleish, a professor of oncology at St George’s Hospital in London. “I think the virus has been around in the UK a lot longer than the government and Sage [scientific advisory group for emergencies] have admitted,” he said. “That means all the inputs were wrong for modelling and shows a tremendous lack of understanding of what we are dealing with.”
Dalgleish said he knows of a cluster of people infected in November at a small gathering for a son who had returned from Hong Kong. “At least six got ill with something that was neither flu nor pneumonia and included a bizarre loss of taste, which is a massive red flag. Three of them had to go to the Royal London Hospital for oxygen and one subsequently died of respiratory failure.”
Asked why it did not spread more, he said: “It can be fairly contained until you get a super-spreader, as you did from the ski chalet, or when it comes into contact with a highly susceptible population.”
Karol Sikora, dean of medicine at Buckingham University, who is often referred to as the “positive professor” for his optimism, said: “The start of a pandemic is not a pandemic but just a few infections. It’s only when you have a lot of vulnerable people together in groups does it spread.”
This has implications for easing lockdown. “Everyone is focused on whether or not there will be a second wave, but if it has been around longer then it does seem it is fading out.”
As Sikora points out, other European countries had earlier cases. France reported its first case on January 24 but studies of x-rays at a hospital in the northeastern town of Colmar found some as early as mid-November. Dr Michel Schmitt of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital and his team examined 2,500 chest x-rays and identified two scans with the white fluffy shadows typical of Covid-19 from mid-November.
The first confirmed case in Italy was Mattia Maestri, 37, in Lombardy on February 20. But by testing and tracing those in contact with him, local authorities later estimated 388 people already had the virus by the time he was diagnosed. They believe it was spreading in Italy from mid-January.
Some of those who believe they had it earlier in the UK have Wuhan connections. Among them are members of two choirs in West Yorkshire. What appear to be coronavirus symptoms spread through their ranks in January. Retired teacher Jane Hall, 59, from Shipley, fell ill in late January after attending the belated Christmas party of Voices of Yorkshire, one of two choirs she sings in.
“I went with a number of friends, one of whom wasn’t feeling well,” she said. “The following Thursday, I woke with a sore throat that felt like swallowing broken glass. By the Saturday I had a high temperature and headache and felt really fatigued.”
Other choir members were stricken. Juanita Kearns, landlady of the Bulls Head pub in Baildon, where the choir goes after practice and the party was held, collapsed and had to call an ambulance. “I’ve never felt so poorly,” she said.
It emerged that the partner of one choir member worked with someone who had returned from Wuhan just before Christmas with a hacking cough that several of his colleagues caught.
Chris Kemp, 47, director of the All Together Now community choir, in which Hall also sings, fell ill at the end of December. “Christmas is a stressful time, with lots of concerts, and I’m often poorly after, but I’ve never experienced anything like this,” he said. “Absolute exhaustion and I didn’t stop coughing for more than six weeks.”
When he heard that a number of choir members had fallen ill, he put out a Facebook message. About 20 responded with similar symptoms. “Tens of people were infected,” said Hall. “More than 30.”
At present, the only way to test after the event is an antibody test to see if blood contains antibodies that form as a person fights off Covid-19. A positive test means you had the infection, perhaps without realising it, and may now have some degree of immunity.
Last week Hall and Kearns bought home-tests that showed up as negative, but this week they and two other choir members will be tested again.
Sikora said he and his wife had antibody tests to see if they were part of what he calls the “immuno-privileged”.
They tested negative, but he points out this may not mean anything. “The problem is perhaps only 10% of those who have had it have the antibodies,” he said. “There are clearly other things at play, like T-cells.” This is a type of white blood cell, developed in response to a previous virus, that can help the body recognise the coronavirus and fight back.
A study of more than 60,000 people in Spain, one of the worst-hit countries, found only 5% of the population had the antibodies, rising in some areas, including Madrid, to between 11% and 14%.
As a foreign correspondent, currently unable to travel, I thought it would be useful to be one of the superhuman Covid-19 elite, so I decided to do the test. Last month Superdrug became the first high street retailer to offer home finger-prick tests. Sales were quickly suspended — the chain says because of demand, but some question the test’s reliability.
At the moment the only option is to go to a private clinic offering tests by Abbott or Roche. I paid £144 to London Doctors Clinic and had a blood sample for an Abbott test, “approved by Public Health England” and offering “99% accurate sensitivity”.
“The tests are effective in showing whether you have the antibodies,” said Dr Mehta, who took my test. “But the problem is, we don’t know if everyone who gets Covid-19 develops them, and if they do, how long they stay in the blood. So a positive is a positive, but a negative doesn’t mean you haven’t had it.”
On Friday I got an email announcing my results. It is weird wanting to test positive for something. It was negative.
Not a Covid superhero, after all. Or, perhaps, until they develop another test. _________________ www.lawyerscommitteefor9-11inquiry.org www.rethink911.org www.patriotsquestion911.com www.actorsandartistsfor911truth.org www.mediafor911truth.org www.pilotsfor911truth.org www.mp911truth.org www.ae911truth.org www.rl911truth.org www.stj911.org www.v911t.org www.thisweek.org.uk www.abolishwar.org.uk www.elementary.org.uk www.radio4all.net/index.php/contributor/2149 http://utangente.free.fr/2003/media2003.pdf
"The maintenance of secrets acts like a psychic poison which alienates the possessor from the community" Carl Jung
https://37.220.108.147/members/www.bilderberg.org/phpBB2/
(YouTube keeps taking this down. See the full movie at Plandemic.com)
Here is a summary of Dr. Mikovits comments regarding the malign psycopthic criminal, Dr. Anthony Facui. She exposed that the use of animal and fetal tissue lies in vaccine development were causing pandemics of cancer and disease. Words in quotes, are direct quotations.
I was arrested for revealing the truth about vaccines.
I was as an under a gag order for 5 years, threatening me with fines to speak the truth.
I was not able to bring 97 witnesses to testify on my behalf.
I was held in jail with no charges, labeled a fugitive of justice, no warrant, dragged me out of house, searched my house without a warrant.
They were looking for information which they claimed I have and when they did not find it they planted it in my house.
I can prove without a shadow of doubt that I was innocent.
Heads of the NIH, FBI were in collusion against me.
All due process rights were taken away from me. The case was held under seal so that my lawyers could not even admit it existed. I could not even say I needed a lawyer.
I have confidence to call out these criminal.
“IF WE DO NOT STOP THIS NOW NOT ONLY WE NOT ONLY CAN FORGET OUR REPUBLIC AND OUR FREEDOM, BUT WE CAN FORGET HUMANITY BECAUSE WE WILL BE KILLED BY THIS AGENDA”
Anthony Fauci directed the coverup. Everyone else was payed off, big time, millions of dollars of funding, from the NIAID. These investigators were paid big and continue to be.
What Fauci is saying is absolute propaganda. The same kind of propaganda he used to kill millions since 1984.
I was part of the team which isolated HIV from saliva and blood in patients in France.
This was a confirmatory study, but Fauci and Gallo worked to spin the story another way.
Fauci tried to stop a medical paper going to print and demanded a pre-publication copy, and threatened her with being fired.
Rossetti gave Fauci a copy, who delayed publication of the paper while Gallo wrote a contrary paper. The delay killed millions.
I did not know my work in 1992, was work which was avoided deliberately because of Fauci’s arrogance and Robert Redfield, working together, to take credit and make money on patents on the wrong kind of therapy. Had that not happened, millions would not have died.
It is a conflict of interest that men who hold patents are directing health responses.
I call on President Trump to repeal the Bahy-Dole Act.
That Act gave government works the right to patent work they discovered on their jobs. Ever since that happened this allowed conflicts of interest destroy research.
Gates has no expertise and should not be allow to speak or suggest policy.
They will kill millions with their COVID vaccine.
There is no vaccine scheduled for production with is a RNA vaccine that works.
I am not anti-vaccine. My job is to develop vaccines.
This virus is not naturally occurring. This family of virus was studied and manipulated. This is what was released, deliberately or not. This virus did not jump directly from animal to man. It would take upto 800 years for this to happen naturally. This occurred from Sars 1 in one decade.
Where was this Virus developed: I know where: between the NC laboratories, Ft. Detrick and the Wuhan Laboratory.
In 1999, I worked at Ft. Detrick. My job was to teach Ebola to infect humans. It could not infect humans before.
This Epidemic was claimed on the basis of classification of victims without testing or infection, Dr. Brix.
You do not die with an infection, you die from an infection.
$13,000 from Medicare is awarded to each Hospital, if one ventilator you get $39,000 — And if you put them on a ventilator you kill them, because that is the wrong treatment.
Italy has a very old population, very sick with inflammatory disorders. They were given in 2019 an untested new form of influenza Vaccine with 4 strains of influenza, including the highly pathogenic H1N1. That Vaccine was grown in a dog cell line.
The AMA was threatening doctors with removing their licenses if they used Hydroxychloroquine. But Fauci said it was hearsay.
Seramin, restores the voice to autistic children. Big Pharma took it away.
We need to take all the money they made on their patents and give it to the victims.
Non patented medicine is not profitable. The game is to prevent therapies until everyone is infected. And knowing that using vaccines increases 39% succeptibily to Coronavirus.
Wearing on masks literally makes you more likely to get sick from the viruses you already have.
Why close the beach? That is insanity. There are healing microbes in the sand and sea water.
It is beyond comprehension that a society can be so fooled by propaganda which is designed to make us hate one another.
Hopefully this is the wake up call to all to realize that this makes no sense.
Information like this will take down the entire corrupt program.
I glad to see doctors are waking up and speaking out.
It is not the scientists. They are listening to people who for 40 have controlled what gets studied.
I say to medical professionals: Forgive yourselves. We had no idea that the data we were taught was data which was not true. Journals have twisted news of discoveries which would have cured all.
I started an education company to wake up doctors.
____________
CREDITS: The Featured Image and Video excerpt are used here in accord with fair use standards for editorial commentary. FromRome.Info is a non-profit news service and obtains no financial gain by advertising the Plandemic.com movie in this way.
Humanity is imprisoned by a killer pandemic. People are being arrested for surfing in the ocean and meditating in nature. Nations are collapsing. Hungry citizens are rioting for food. The media has generated so much confusion and fear that people are begging for salvation in a syringe. Billionaire patent owners are pushing for globally mandated vaccines. Anyone who refuses to be injected with experimental poisons will be prohibited from travel, education and work. No, this is not a synopsis for a new horror movie. This is our current reality.
Let’s back up to address how we got here...
In the early 1900s, America’s first Billionaire, John D. Rockefeller bought a German pharmaceutical company that would later assist Hitler to implement his eugenics-based vision by manufacturing chemicals and poisons for war. Rockefeller wanted to eliminate the competitors of Western medicine, so he submitted a report to Congress declaring that there were too many doctors and medical schools in America, and that all natural healing modalities were unscientific quackery. Rockefeller called for the standardization of medical education, whereby only his organization be allowed to grant medical school licenses in the US. And so began the practice of immune suppressive, synthetic and toxic drugs. Once people had become dependent on this new system and the addictive drugs it provided, the system switched to a paid program, creating lifelong customers for the Rockefellers. Currently, medical error is the third leading cause of death in the US. Rockefeller’s secret weapon to success was the strategy known as, “problem-reaction-solution.” Create a problem, escalate fear, then offer a pre-planned solution. Sound familiar?
Flash forward to 2020...
They named it COVID19. Our leaders of world health predicted millions would die. The National Guard was deployed. Makeshift hospitals were erected to care for a massive overflow of patients. Mass graves were dug. Terrifying news reports had people everywhere seeking shelter to avoid contact. The plan was unfolding with diabolical precision, but the masters of the Pandemic underestimated one thing... the people. Medical professionals and every-day citizens are sharing critical information online. The overlords of big tech have ordered all dissenting voices to be silenced and banned, but they are too late. The slumbering masses are awake and aware that something is not right. Quarantine has provided the missing element: time. Suddenly, our overworked citizenry has ample time to research and investigate for themselves. Once you see, you can’t unsee.
The window of opportunity is open like never before. For the first time in human history, we have the world’s attention. Plandemic will expose the scientific and political elite who run the scam that is our global health system, while laying out a new plan; a plan that allows all of humanity to reconnect with healing forces of nature. 2020 is the code for perfect vision. It is also the year that will go down in history as the moment we finally opened our eyes.
Abstract
Purpose: Receiving influenza vaccination may increase the risk of other respiratory viruses, a phenomenon known as virus interference. Test-negative study designs are often utilized to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness. The virus interference phenomenon goes against the basic assumption of the test-negative vaccine effectiveness study that vaccination does not change the risk of infection with other respiratory illness, thus potentially biasing vaccine effectiveness results in the positive direction. This study aimed to investigate virus interference by comparing respiratory virus status among Department of Defense personnel based on their influenza vaccination status. Furthermore, individual respiratory viruses and their association with influenza vaccination were examined.
Results: We compared vaccination status of 2880 people with non-influenza respiratory viruses to 3240 people with pan-negative results. Comparing vaccinated to non-vaccinated patients, the adjusted odds ratio for non-flu viruses was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 1.09; p = 0.60). Additionally, the vaccination status of 3349 cases of influenza were compared to three different control groups: all controls (N = 6120), non-influenza positive controls (N = 2880), and pan-negative controls (N = 3240). The adjusted ORs for the comparisons among the three control groups did not vary much (range: 0.46-0.51).
Conclusions: Receipt of influenza vaccination was not associated with virus interference among our population. Examining virus interference by specific respiratory viruses showed mixed results. Vaccine derived virus interference was significantly associated with coronavirus and human metapneumovirus; however, significant protection with vaccination was associated not only with most influenza viruses, but also parainfluenza, RSV, and non-influenza virus coinfections.
Keywords: Department of Defense; Influenza vaccine; Respiratory illness; Virus interference.
John Watkins is right; we need to think beyond containment, but he overlooks the possibility that seasonal flu shots are potential contributors to the current outbreak. (BMJ 2020;398:m810—February 2….A randomized placebo-controlled trial in children showed that flu shots increased fivefold the risk of acute respiratory infections caused by a group of noninfluenza viruses, including coronaviruses. (Cowling et al, Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:1778) From Table 3, vaccine recipients had 20 noninfluenza virus-positive ARIs and 19 virus-negative ARIs; non-recipients had 3 noninfluenza virus-positive ARIs and 14 virus-negative ARIs. These figures yield an odds ratio of 4.91 (CI 1.04 to8.14).
Such an observation may seem counterintuitive, but it is possible that influenza vaccines alter our immune systems non-specifically to increase susceptibility to other infections; this has been observed with DTP and other vaccines. (Benn et al, Trends in Immunology, May 2013) There are other immune mechanisms that might also explain the observation.
To investigate this possibility, a case-control study is in order as we study and care for the victims of covid-19. Influenza vaccines have become sacred cows in some quarters, but they shouldn’t be.
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. Therefore, in this study we investigated the value of autopsy for determining the cause of death and describe the pathologic characteristics in patients who died of COVID-19.